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- S&D - Special and Differential Treatment
- S. & A. - Signing and accounting (procedure)
- S. & F.A. - Shipping and Forwarding Agent
- S. & H/exct. - Sundays and holidays excepted in lay days
- S. & L. - Sue & Labor (charges)
- S. B. - Short Bill
- S. to S. - Station to station
- S.A. - Salvage Association
- s.a.n.r. - Subject to approval no risk
- S.B.M. - Single buoy mooring
- s.b.s. - survey before shipment
- s.c. - Salvage charges
- S.C.A. - Settlement of claims abroad
- S.C.O.R. - Scientific Commission on Oceanic Research
- S.D. - Sea damage
- S.d. - Short delivery
- S.D.A. - Single administrative document
- S.D.H.F. - Standard Dutch Hull Form
- S.E.P. - Subject to endorsement on the policy
- S.H.P. - Shaft horse-power
- S.I. - Short Interest, Sum Insured International System of
Units (System International)
- S.I.T.P.R.O - Simplification of Industrial Trade Procedures
Boad
- S.K.D. - Semi knocked down
- s.l. - Salvage loss
- S.O. - Seller's option
- S.O.L. - Ship owner's liability
- S.O.S. - Service of suit
- S.P. - Supra Protest
- s.p.d. - Steamer pays dues
- S.R. & C.C. - Strikes, riots and civil commotions
- S.R.L. - Ship repairers' liability
- S.S. & C. - Same sea and country or coast
- S.S.C. - Simultaneous settlements clause
- S.S.N. - Standard shipping notice
- s.v. - Sailing vessel
- S.W. - Shipper's weights
- S.W.D. - Seawater damage
- S.W.G. - Standard wire gauge
- S/A - Subject to Acceptance (insurance)
- s/a - Subject to approval
- S/Fee - Survey Fee
- S/I - Sum insured
- S/IOGA - State/Industry-Organized, Government-Approved
- S/L - Sue and labor
- S/L.C. - Sue and labor clause
- S/L.Ch. - Sue and labor charges
- S/N - Shipping note
- SA - Sociedad Anonima, Societe Anonyme
- SA de CV - Sociedad Anonima
- SAARC - South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation
- SABIT - Special American Business Internship Training Program
- SACU - Southern African Customs Union
- SADC - Southern African Development Community
- SAF - Structural Adjustment Facility
- Safeguards - The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
permits two forms of multilateral safeguards: (a) a country's
right to impose temporary import controls or other trade restrictions
to prevent commercial injury to domestic industry, and (b) the
corresponding right of exporters not to be deprived arbitrarily
of access to markets. Article XIX of the GATT permits a country
whose domestic industries or workers are adversely affected by
increased imports to withdraw or modify concessions the country
had earlier granted, to impose, for a limited period, new import
restrictions if the country can establish that a product is "being
imported in such increased quantities as to cause or threaten
serious injury to domestic producers," and to keep such restrictions
in effect for a such time as may be necessary to prevent or remedy
such injury.
- Sales Representative - An agent who distributes, represents,
services, or sells goods on behalf of foreign sellers.
- SALM - Single anchor leg mooring
- SARL - Societe e Responsabilite Limitee
- SAS - Saudi Arabian Standards Organization
- SAS - Societe par Actions Simplifiee
- Saudi Arabian Standards Organization - SASO was established
in April 1972 as the sole Saudi Arabian government organization
to promulgate standards and measurements in the kingdom. Primarily,
SASO promulgates standards for electrical equipment and some food
products. Some of these standards have been adopted by the Gulf
Cooperation Council.
- SBM/SPM - Single buoy/point mooring
- SC - Senior Commercial Officer
- Sch. - Schooner
- Schedule B - Refers to 'Schedule B, Statistical Classification
of
- Schedule B - Schedule B is a U.S. Bureau of the Census publication
and is based on the Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding
System (Harmonized System). Export statistics are initially collected
and compiled in terms of approxiximately 8,000 commodity classifications
in Schedule B, Statistical Classification of Domestic and Foreign
Commodities Exported from the United States. See: Tariff Schedules
of the United States Annotated.
- Scope Determinations - Scope determinations deal with the product
coverage of antidumping and countervailing duty orders. The Department
of Commerce will determine -- in response to an application from
an interested party or on its own initiative -- whether a certain
product is included within the scope of an antidumpting and countervailing
duty order.
- sd. - Sailed
- SDNs - Specially Designated Nationals
- SDR - Special drawing right (limitation of liability)
- SDRs - Special Drawing Rights
- SEA - Single European Act
- SECOFI - Secretaria de Comercio y Fomento Industrial
- Secretar¡a de Comercio y Fomento Industrial - SECOFI
is Mexico's Ministry of Commerce and Industrial Promotion.
- Section 201 - Section 201, the "escape clause" provision
of the Trade Act of 1974, permits temporary import relief, not
to exceed a maximum of eight years, to a domestic industry which
is seriously injured, or threatened with serious injury, due to
increased imports. Import relief, granted at the President's discretion,
generally takes the form of increased tariffs or quantitative
restrictions. To be eligible for section 201 relief, the International
Trade Commission (ITC) must determine that: (a) the industry has
been seriously injured or threatened to be injured and (b) imports
have been a substantial cause (not less than any other cause)
of that injury. Industries need not prove that an unfair trade
practice exists, as is necessary under the antidumping and countervailing
duty laws. However, under section 201, a greater degree of injury
-- "serious" injury -- must be found to exist, and imports
must be a "substantial" cause (defined as not less than
any other cause) of that injury. If the ITC finding is affirmative,
the President's remedy may be a tariff increase, quantitative
restrictions, or orderly marketing agreements. At the conclusion
of any relief action, the Commission must report on the effectiveness
of the relief action in facilitating the positive adjustment of
the domestic industry to import competition. If the decision is
made not to grant relief, the President must provide an explanation
to the Congress. See: Escape clause Trade Act of 1974.
- Section 232 - Under section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act
of 1962, as amended, Commerce determines whether articles are
being imported into the U.S. in quantities or circumstances that
threaten national security. Based on the investigation report,
the President can adjust imports of the article(s) in question.
Commerce must report on the effects these imports have on national
security and make recommendations for action or inaction within
270 days after starting an investigation. Within 90 days of the
report, the President decides whether to take action to adjust
imports on the basis of national security. The President must
notify Congress of his decision within 30 days. See: Trade Expansion
Act of 1962.
- Section 301 - Under section 301, firms can complain about a
foreign country's trade policies or practices that are harmful
to U.S. commerce. The section empowers the USTR to investigate
the allegations and to negotiate the removal of any trade barriers.
USTR may also self-initiate investigations. Specific timeframes
for conducting the investigations are specified by law. Section
301 requires that GATT's dispute resolution process be invoked
where applicable and, if negotiations fail, to retaliate within
180 days from the date that discovery of a trade agreement violation
took place. See: Special 301 Super 301.
- Section 337 - Section 337 of the Tariff Act of 1930 requires
investigations of unfair practices in import trade. Under this
authority, the International Trade Commission applies U.S. statutory
and common law of unfair competition to the importation of products
into the United States and their sale. Section 337 prohibits unfair
competition and unfair importing practices and sales of products
in the U.S., when these threaten to: (a) destroy or substantially
injure a domestic industry, (b) prevent the establishment of such
an industry, or (c) restrain or monopolize U.S. trade and commerce.
Section 337 also prohibits infringement of U.S. patents, copyrights,
registered trademarks, or mask works. See: Tariff Act of 1930.
- Section 416 - Section 416 of the Agricultural Act of 1949 provides
for the donation of food and feed commodities owned by Agriculture's
Commodity Credit Corporation and is focused on people in developing
countries. See: Food For Peace. Food For Progress.
- SED - Shipper's Export Declaration
- SEED - Support for East European Democracy
- SELA - Sistema Economico Latinoamericao
- Selling, General and Administrative (Expenses) - SGA is the
sum of:- General and administrative expenses (such as: salaries
of non-sales personnel, rent, heat, and light); - Direct selling
expenses (that is, expenses that can be directly tied to the sale
of a specific unit, such as: credit, warranty, and advertising
expenses); and - Indirect selling expenses (that is, expenses
which cannot be directly tied to the sale of a specific unit but
which are proportionally allocated to all units sold during a
certain period, such as: telephone, interest, and postal charges).
- SEM - Seminar Mission
- Semiconductor Trade Arrangement - The U.S.-Japan Semiconductor
Trade Arrangement is a bilateral agreement which came into effect
on August 1, 1991, replacing the prior 1986 Semiconductor Trade
Arrangement. The new Arrangement contains provisions to: (a) increase
foreign access to the Japanese semiconductor market and (b) deter
dumping of semiconductors by Japanese suppliers into the U.S.
market, as well as in third country markets. In evaluating market
access improvement, both governments agreed to pay particular
attention to market share. The expectation of a 20 percent foreign
market share by the end of 1992 is included in the Arrangement.
The Arrangement explicitly states, however, that the 20 percent
figure is not a guarantee, a ceiling, or a floor on the foreign
market share.
- Senior Commercial Officer - The SCO is the senior U.S. and
Foreign Commercial Officer at an embassy and reports in-country
to the Ambassador. At major posts, this position carries the title
of Commercial Counselor; in key posts, Minister Counselor. Usually
reporting to the SCO are a Commercial Attache and Commercial officers.
The latter are sometimes assigned to subordinate posts throughout
the country.
- Sep. - Separation procedure (signing and accounting)
- SEPD - State Export Program Database
- SF - Solo Fair (overseas procured)
- SFSC - Shared Foreign Sales Corporation
- SFW - Solo Fair (Washington procured)
- SGA - Selling, General and Administrative (Expenses)
- Shared Foreign Sales Corporation - A shared FSC is a foreign
sales corporation consisting of more than one and less than 25
unrelated exporters. See: Foreign Sales Corporation.
- SHex. - Sundays and Holidays excepted
- SHIELD - SHIELD is an interagency export control committee
that reviews licenses involving chemical or biological weapons.
- SHinc. - Sundays and Holidays included
- Ship's Manifest - A list, signed by the captain of a ship,
of the individual shipments constituting the ship's cargo.
- Shipment - A shipment is all of the cargo carried under the
terms of a single bill of lading.
- Shipper's Export Declaration - A form required by the Treasury
Department and completed by a shipper showing the value, weight,
consignee, destination, etc., of export shipments as well as Harmonized
Schedule B (see above) identification number.
- Shipper's Export Declaration - The SED includes complete particulars
on individual shipments and is used to control exports and act
as a source document for the official U.S. export statistics.
SEDs must be prepared for shipments through the U.S. Postal Service
when the shipment is valued over $500. SEDs are required for shipments,
other than by the U.S. Postal Service, where the value of commodities
classified under each individual Schedule B number is over $2,500.
SEDs must be prepared, regardless of value, for all shipments
requiring a validated export license or destined for countries
prohibited by the Export Administration Regulations. SEDs are
prepared by the exporter and the exporter's agent and delivered
to the exporting carrier (such as: post office, airline, or vessel
line). The exporting carrier presents the required number of copies
to the U.S. Customs Service at the port of export. The Foreign
Trade Statistical Regulations (15 CFR, Part 30) provide the statistical
requirements for use by exporters, freight forwarders, and ocean
carriers concerning preparation and filing of SEDs.
- Shipping Weight - Shipping weight represents the gross weight
in kilograms of shipments, including the weight of moisture content,
wrappings, crates, boxes, and containers (other than cargo vans
and similar substantial outer containers).
- Short Supply - Commodities in short supply may be subject to
export controls to protect the domestic economy from the excessive
drain of scarce materials and to reduce the serious inflationary
impact of satisfying foreign demand. Items that the U.S. controls
for short supply purposes include petroleum and petroleum products,
unprocessed western red cedar, and shipment of horses by sea.
The controls are included in the Export Administration Regulations.
- SIC - Standard Industrial Classification
- SICE - Sistema de Informacion al Comercio Exterior
- SIDA - Swedish International Development Authority
- SIECA - Permanent Secretariat of the General Treaty on Central
American Economic Integration
- SIFIDA - Societe Internationale Financiere pour les Investissements,
et le Developpement en Afrique
- SII - Structural Impediments Initiative
- SIJORI - Singapor-Johor-Riau Growth Triangle
- SIMIS - Single Internal Market Information Service
- Singapore-Jahor-Riau Growth Triangle - SIJORI is a subregional
economic grouping composed of the nation of Singapore, the Malaysian
State of Johor, and Indonesia's Riau Province.
- Single Currency Peg - See: Exchange Rate Classifications.
- Single European Act - The SEA, which entered into force in
July 1987, was the first significant revision of the Treaty of
Rome. The SEA provides the legal and procedural support for achievement
of the single European Market by 1992. The SEA revised the EEC
Treaty and, where not already provided for in the Treaty, majority
decisions were introduced for numerous votes facing the Council
of Ministers, particularly those affecting establishment of the
single European Market and the European financial common market.
The role of the European Parliament was strengthened; decisions
on fiscal matters remained subject to unanimity.
- Single Internal Market Information Service - SIMIS, operated
by the Commerce Department's International Trade Administration,
provides information, assistance, and advice on how to do business
in the European Community's internal market.
- Sistema de Informacion al Comercio Exterior - SICE (English:
Foreign Trade Information System) is a databank which provides
foreign trade information to the public and private sectors of
member countries of the Organization of American States (OAS).
The System includes information on the U.S. import and export
markets, markets of other OAS member countries, and trade information
on the European Community and Japan.
- Sistema Economico Latinoamericano - See: Latin American Economic
System.
- SITC - Standard International Tariff Classification
- SITC - Standard International Trade Classification
- Sk. - Sack
- SL - Sociedad de Responsabilidad Limitada
- Sld. - Sailed
- SMSA - Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area
- SNC - Societe in Nome Collettivo, Societe en Nom Collectif
- SNEC - Sub-Group on Nuclear Export Coordination
- SOAP - Sunflower Oil Assistance Program
- Sociedad Anonima - S.A. (Spanish: "incorporated company")
is a form of corporation which must have at least five shareholders,
who may be either Mexican or foreign. Each shareholder is liable
only up to the amount of their contribution. No shares may be
held by the company name. "S.A." must follow the firm
name, indicating that it is a corporation.
- Sociedad Anonima de Capital Variable - SA de CV (Spanish: "variable
capital company"), similarly to SA, must have at least five
shareholders, who may be either Mexican or foreign. Each shareholder
is liable only up to the amount of their contribution. SA de CV
differs from SA in that an SA de CV may own its shares. "S.A.
de C.V." must follow the firm name indicating that it a corporation
with variable capital.
- Societe a Responsabilite Limitata - "Srl" (Italian)
is a private company.
- Societe Anonyme - S.A. (French: "incorporated") is
a form of corporation which must have at least seven shareholders,
who may be either French or foreign. Each member is liable only
up to the amount of stock owned.
- Societe e Responsabilite Limitee - SARL (French: limited liability
company") has features of both a corporation and a partnership.
The number of partners cannot exceed 50. Partners may be either
French or foreign. Partner liabilities are limited to the amount
of their contribution, which may be in cash or in kind but not
in skills. While shares may be freely traded among partners, they
may not be transferred to third parties without majority agreement
of partners represenating at least 75 percent of the capital.
- Societe en Commandite Simple - Societe en commandite simple
(French: "limited partnership") is composed of general
partners, of which the managing partner at least must have unlimited
liability, and silent partners whose liability is limited to the
amount of their capital contributions. Silent partners are not
permitted to perform any management functions vis-a-vis other
partners. In a limited partnership without shares, transfer of
shares of the limited partners is only allowable with the consent
of all the partners. In a limited partnership with shares (Societe
en commandite par actions), these are transferred in a manner
similar to corporations.
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