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- Ice Clause - An ice clause is a standard clause in the chartering
of ocean vessels. It dictates the course a vessel master may take
if the ship is prevented from entering the loading or discharge
port because of ice, or if the vessel is threatened by ice while
in the port. The clause establishes rights and obligations of
both vessel owner and charterer if these events occur.
- Import Certificate - The import certificate is a means by which
the government of the country of ultimate destination exercises
legal control over the internal channeling of the commodities
covered by the import certificate.
- Import License - A document required and issued by some national
governments authorizing the importation of goods.
- Import Quota - A means of restricting imports by the issuance
of licenses to importers, assigning each a quota, after determination
of the total amount of any commodity which is to be imported during
a period. Import licenses may also specify the country from which
the importer must purchase the goods.
- Import Quota Auctioning - The process of auctioning the right
to import specified quantities of quota-restricted goods.
- Import Restrictions - Import restriction, applied by a country
with an adverse trade balance (or for other reasons), reflect
a desire to control the volume of goods coming into the country
from other countries may include the imposition of tariffs or
import quotas, restrictions on the amount of foreign currency
available to cover imports, a requirement for import deposits,
the imposition of import surcharges, or the prohibition of various
categories of imports.
- Import Substitution - A strategy which emphasizes the replacement
of imports with domestically produced goods, rather than the production
of goods for export, to encourage the development of domestic
industry.
- Importer - The U.S. Customs Service defines "importer"
as a person primarily liable for the payment of duties on the
merchandise, or an authorized agent acting on the importer's behalf.
The importer may be: (a) a consignee, (b) the importer of record,
or (c) the actual owner of hte merchandise if the actual owner
has filed with Customs a declaration acknowledging ownership along
with a superseding bond. (See 119 CFR 141.20.) See: Importer of
Record.
- Importer of Record - The U.S. Customs Service defines the importer
of record as the owner or purchaser of the goods; or, when designated
by the owner, purchaser, or consignee, a licensed Customs broker.
- Imports - Imports of merchandise include commodities of foreign
origin as well as goods of domestic origin returned to the United
States with no change in condition or after having been processed
and/or assembled in other countries. For statistical purposes,
imports are classified by type of transaction: - Merchandise entered
for immediate consumption. ("duty free" merchandise
and merchandise on which duty is paid on arrival); - Merchandise
withdrawn for consumption from Customs bonded warehouses, and
U.S. Foreign Trade Zones; - Merchandise entered into Customs bonded
warehouses and U.S. Foreign Trade Zones from foreign countries.
- Imports for Consumption - "Imports for Consumption"
measure the total of merchandise that has physically cleared through
U.S. Customs either entering consumption channels immediately
or entering after withdrawal for consumption from bonded warehouses
under Customs custody or from Foreign Trade Zones. Many countries
use the term "special imports" to designate statistics
compiled on this basis.
- In-Bond System - The In-Bond System, a part of Customs' Automated
Commercial System, controls merchandise from the point of unloading
at the port of entry or exportation. The system works with the
input of departures (from the port of unlading), arrivals, and
closures (accountability of arrivals).
- In-Flight Survey - The In-Flight Survey is administered to
U.S. and foreign travelers departing the U.S. as a means of providing
data on visitor characteristics, travel patterns and spending
habits, and for supplying data on the U.S. international travel
dollar accounts as well as to meet balance of payments estimation
needs. The IFS covers about 70 percent of U.S. carriers and 35
percent of foreign carriers, who voluntarily choose to participate.
Sample results are expanded to universe estimates to account for
nonresponse of passengers on each sampled flight, for coverage
of all flights on each major airline route, and for all international
routes. The basis for the expansion is the number of passengers
departing the United States, obtained from the Immigration and
Naturalization Service.
- Incoterms - Maintained by the International Chamber of Commerce
(ICC), this codification of terms is used in foreign trade contracts
to define which parties incur the costs and at what specific point
the costs are incurred.
- Independent European Program Group - The IEPG is an intergovernmental
organization that is not formally part of NATO but whose membership
includes all the EC members of the alliance, plus Norway and Turkey.
Established in 1976, IEPG's objectives are to promote European
cooperation in research, development, and production of defense
equipment; improve transatlantic armaments cooperation; and maintain
a healthy European defense industrial base.
- Indexed Currency Option Note - An ICON is a debt repayment
instrument whose value is partially determined by the exchange
rate between two currencies. Interest payments, made in one currency,
are lowered if the rate of exchange exceeds a pre-arranged rate.
- Individual Validated License - An IVL is written approval by
which the U.S. Department of Commerce grants permission, which
is valid for 2 years, for the export of a specified quantity of
products or technical data to a single recipient. IVLs also are
required, under certain circumstances, as authorization for the
reexport of U.S.-origin commodities to new destinations abroad.
- Industrial List - See: International Industrial List.
- Industrialization Fund for Developing Countries - The IFU invests
in joint venture companies in the developing countries, together
with Danish companies. It is a revolving Fund whose resourcs were
made available by the Danish government. IFU takes part in joint
ventures as a shareholder and can provide loans or guarantees
for loans. The Fund was established by Denmark in 1967; headquarters
are in Copenhagen. Since 1978, Fund operations have been funded
solely from the return on investments in developing countries
and from other financial assets, with no public financial subsidy.
- Industry Consultations Program - The Industry Consultations
Program for Trade Policy Matters is an advisory committee structure
created by the Trade Act of 1974; expanded by the Trade Agreements
Act of 1979; and amended by the Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness
Act of 1988. The program is operated jointly by Commerce and the
U.S. Trade Representative. Members of the committees are appointed
by the Secretary of Commerce and the U.S. Trade Representative.
The present structure consists of 17 Industry Sector Advisory
Committees (ISACs), 3 Industry Functional Advisory Committees
(IFACs), a Committee of Chairs, and an Industry Policy Advisory
Committee (IPAC). The focus of the 3 Functional Advisory Committees
are: (1) Customs Matters, (2) Standards, and (3) Intellectual
Property Rights. The focus of the 17 Industry Sector Advisory
Committees are:1 Aerospace Equipment, 2 Capital Goods, 3 Chemicals
and Allied Products, 4 Consumer Goods, 5 Electronics and Instrumentation,
6 Energy, 7 Ferrous Ores and Metals, 8 Footwear, Leather, and
Leather Products, 9 Building Products and Other Materials, 10
Lumber and Wood Products, 11 Nonferrous Ores and Metals, 12 Paper
and Paper Products, 13 Services, 14 Small and Minority Business,
15 Textiles and Apparel, 16 Transportation, Construction, and
Agricultural Equipment, 17 Wholesaling and Retailing See: Advisory
Committee on Trade Policy and Negotiations.
- Industry Functional Advisory Committee - See: Industry Consultations
Program.
- Industry Policy Advisory Committee - See: Industry Consultations
Program.
- Industry Sector Advisory Committee - See: Industry Consultations
Program.
- Industry Subsector Analysis - As used by the International
Trade Administration, an industry subsector analysis is overseas
market research for a given industry subsector (such as cardiological
equipment for the medical equipment industry) that presents basic
information about a foreign market such as market size, the competitive
environment, primary end users, best prospects products, and market
access information.
- Infrequent Exporter - The Commerce Department's International
Trade Administration defines an "infrequent exporter"
as a company that has some export experience -- usually averaging
between 1 and 50 export shipments per year -- but which still
needs assistance to increase the size of its export market or
to expand into new ones.
- Inherent Vice - An insurance term referring to any defect or
other characteristics of a product which could result in damage
to the product without external cause. Insurance policies may
specifically exclude losses caused by inherent vice.
- Initial Negotiating Right - A right held by one GATT country
to seek compensation for an impairment of a given bound tariff
rate by another GATT country. INRs stem from past negotiating
concessions and allow the INR holder to seek compensation for
an impairment of tariff concessions regardless of its status as
a supplier of the product in question.
- Injury - In U.S. law, a finding by the International Trade
Commission that imports are causing, or are likely to cause, harm
to a U.S. industry. An injury determination is the basis for a
Section 201 case. It is also a requirement in all antidumping
and most countervailing duty cases, in conjunction with Commerce
Department determinations on dumping and subsidization.
- Inland Bill of Lading - A bill of lading used in transporting
goods overland to the exporter's international carrier. Although
a through bill of lading can sometimes be used, it is usually
necessary to prepare both an inland bill of lading and an ocean
bill of lading for export shipments.
- Inspection Certification - Some purchasers and countries may
require a certificate of inspection attesting to the specifications
of the goods shipped, usually performed by a third party. Inspection
certificates are often obtained from independent testing organizations.
- Instruments of International Traffic - Lift vans, cargo vans,
shipping tanks, skids, pallets, caul boards, and cores for textile
fabrics, arriving (whether loaded or empty) in use or to be used
in the shipment of merchandise in international traffic are designated
as "instruments of international traffic" (IIT) within
the meaning of section 322(a0, Tariff Act of 1930, as amended.
Upon Customs acceptance of a type 3 bond, covering these IIT types,
such instruments may be released without entry or the payment
of duty, subject to the provisions of 19 CFR 10.41a.
- Insurance Certificate - This certificate is used to assure
the consignee that insurance is provided to cover loss of or damage
to the cargo while in transit.
- Integrated Carriers - Carriers that have both air and ground
fleets; or other combinations, such as sea, rail, and truck. Since
they usually handle thousands of small parcels an hour, they are
less expensive and offer more diverse services than regular carriers.
- Integrated Tariff of the European Community - TARIC is a publication
which presents the regulations pertaining to import of products
into the EC as well as for some exports. TARIC adopts the provisions
of Community legislation, the harmonized system, and the combined
nomenclature (CN).
- Intellectual Property Rights - IPR is a generic phrase encompassing
intangible property rights, including, among others, patents,
trade and service marks, copyrights, industrial designs, rights
in semiconductor chip layout designs, and rights in trade secrets.
- Intelsat - See: International Telecommunications Satellite
Organization.
- Inter-American Commercial Arbitration Commission - The IACAC
administers a system for arbitrating and conciliating international
commercial disputes throughout the Western Hemisphere. The Commission,
associated with the Organization of American States, follows provisions
of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law. IACAC
was originally established in 1934; headquarters are in Washington,
D.C.
- Inter-American Development Bank - IADB, or IDB, (Spanish: Banco
Interamericano de Desarrollo, BID), is a regional financial institution
which helps accelerate economic and social development in Latin
America and the Caribbean. The Bank was established in 1959 (began
operations in October 1960); headquarters are in Washington, D.C.
The twenty-eight regional members include: Argentina, Bahamas,
Barbados, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa
Rica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Guyana,
Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay,
Peru, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, United States, Uruguay, and
Venezuela. The IDB also includes 16 non-regional members: Austria,
Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Israel, Italy, Japan,
the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
and the United Kingdom. See: Caribbean Development Bank Inter-American
Investment Corporation.
- Inter-American Investment Corporation - The IIC is a multilateral
investment corporation that promotes the economic development
of the regional member countries by stimulating the establishment,
expansion, and modernization of private enterprises, especially
those of medium and small scale, in Latin America and the Caribbean.
The IIC works directly with private enterprises in these countries
and neither seeks nor requires government guarantees. The Corporation
makes direct investments such as equity participation, loans and
purhcases of debt instruments, as well as direct investment through
other financial institutions. The Corporation also finances feasibility
studies, underwrites securities, provides technical and managerial
assistance, and helps entrepreneurs in mobilizing additional capital.
The IIC is affiliated with the Inter-American Development Bank;
it was established in 1986; headquarters are in Washington, D.C.
- Inter-Arab Investment Guarantee Corporation - The IAIGC promotes
Arab development by stimulating capital transfers among members,
by providing investment risk coverage, and by supporting development
studies. The Corporation was established in 1965; headquarters
are in Kuwait; nearly all Arab countries are members.
- Inter-Governmental Authority on Drought and Development - The
IGADD coordinates efforts in its members' region to build food
security, stop desertification, and reclaim arid zones for food
production. The Authority was formed in 1986; headquarters are
based in Djibouti; members include: Djibouti, Ethiopia, Kenya,
Somalia, the Sudan, and Uganda. Financing stems primarily from
Djibouti and Ethiopia.
- Interagency Group on Countertrade - The IGC, established in
December 1988 under Executive Order 12661, reviews policy and
negotiates agreements with other countries on countertrade and
offsets. The IGC operates at the Assistant Secretary level, with
the Department of Commerce as chair. Membership includes 11 other
agencies: Agriculture, Defense, Energy, Justice, Labor, State,
Treasury, the Agency for International Development, the Federal
Emergency Management Agency, the U.S. Trade Representative, and
the Office of Management and Budget.
- Interbank Offered Rate - IBOR is the rate of interest at which
banks lend to other prime banks. Terms are established for the
length of loan and individual foreign currencies. A number of
financial centers offer an IBOR, including: Abu Dhabi (ADIBOR),
Bahrain (BIBOR), Brussels (BRIBOR), Hong Kong (HKIBOR), London
(LIBOR), Luxembourg (LUXIBOR), Madrid (MIBOR), Paris (PIBOR),
Saudi Arabia (SAIBOR), Singapore (SIBOR), and Zurich (ZIBOR).
See: London Interbank Offered Rate.
- Interest Rate Swaps - See: Swaps.
- Intermediate Consignee - An intermediate consignee is the bank,
forwarding agent, or other intermediary (if any) that acts in
a foreign country as an agent for the exporter, the purchaser,
or the ultimate consignee, for the purpose of effecting delivery
of the export to the ultimate consignee.
- Intermediate Credit Guarantee Program - See: Export Credit
Guarantee Programs.
- Intermodal Container Transfer Facility - ICTF is a site where
cargo is transferred from one form of transit to another, such
as rail to ship.
- International Accounting Unit - NATO infrastructure projects
are usually denominated in International Accounting Units. The
IAU is a unit of measure based on the exchange rates of the 16
NATO member countries and is reevaluated every six months.
- International Accreditation Forum - The IAF, created in January
1993, is a group of international accreditation bodies which has
joined together to promotion international recognition of accreditation
for quality systems (ISO 9000) registrars. Signatories include
representatives of accrediting bodies in Australia, Canada, Japan,
Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, and the United States.
- International Agreements - An international agreement is governed
by international law; the term refers to a broad classification
of legally binding arrangements between states. The arrangements
include: treaties, conventions, protocols, annexes, accords, and
memoranda of understanding. Other common titles include notes,
pact, declaration, statute, constitution and process-verbal. The
title is not a controlling factor in making distinctions among
arrangements. Some titles are not used consistently; and titles
are often used as synonyms, with subtlety in differentiation and
resulting in an inability to apply certitude in definition. In
this context, the following general characteristics apply: - Treaties
are international agreements and are equivalent to conventions.
The Vienna Convention on the Law on Treaties defines a treaty
as "an international agreement concluded between States in
written form and governed by international law, whether embodied
in a single instrument or in two or more related instruments and
whatever its particular designation." In its restricted sense
in the United States, a treaty denotes an international agreement
made by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate
in accordance with Article II, section 2 of the Constitution.
During a year, the U.S. may be a signatory to approximately 400
international agreements; only about a dozen are treaties. Under
U.S. law a treaty (or other international agreement, however designated)
becomes the law of the land and is binding on federal, state and
local government. This is not always the case in other nations
which may require legislative action before a treaty takes the
same effect as domestic law. The term "plurilateral"
is sometimes used to differentiate between a treaty embracing
a restricted number of states in contrast with "multilateral"
as a reference to a treaty which is open to all nations. - Conventions
are essentially the same as treaties. In the 1980s and beyond,
the term convention has been used more in connection with multilateral,
than bilateral, arrangements. Depending on the nature of the convention,
the President may or may not consult the Senate. - Protocols may
be any sort of international agreement. A protocol can stand alone
or, more generally, it may be a supplementary agreement, or an
amendment, of some sort. - Annexes are subsidiary agreements which
are additional to a previously established arrangement. However,
there is flexibility; the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
(GATT) uses the term "annex" to indicate a free-standing
agreement. - Accords are further from treaties than conventions.
If there is any distinction to be made, an accord may suggest
a non-binding agreement; there are exceptions. - Memoranda of
Understanding are very detailed documents devised by Executive
Branch agencies (such as aviation or major fishery agreements).
An MOU may be less significant; it takes into account U.S. practice
and the requirements of the other government. When a treaty or
an executive agreement is first published by the United States,
it is assigned a TIAS number and published in slip form in the
Treaties and other International Acts Series. TIAS, published
by the Department of State, is a series of individual pamphlets.
- International Agricultural Research Centers - See: Consultative
Group on International Agricultural Research.
- International Air Transport Association - IATA, established
in 1945, is a trade association serving airlines, passengers,
shippers, travel agents, and governments. The association promotes
safety, standardization in forms (baggage checks, tickets, weigh
bills), and aids in establishing international airfares. IATA
headquarters are in Geneva, Switzerland.
- International Anticounterfeiting Coalition - The IACC, founded
in 1978, is a non-profit organization located in Washington, D.C.
The IACC seeks to advance intellectual property rights (IPR) protection
on a worldwide basis by promoting laws, regulations, and directives
designed to render theft of IPR unattractive and unprofitable.
- International Atomic Energy Agency - The IAEA, a specialized
agency of the UN, is the primary international organization that
enforces a system of safeguards to ensure that non-nuclear weapons
states do not divert shipments of sensitive nuclear-related equipment
from peaceful applications to the production of nuclear weapons.
Before a supplier state of nuclear materials or equipment may
approve an export to a non-nuclear weapons NPT (Nuclear non-Proliferation
Treaty) signatory state, it must receive assurances that the recipient
will place the material under IAEA safeguards. Subsequent to shipment,
the recipient state must allow IAEA officials to verify the legitimate
end use of the exported materials or equipment. IAEA, established
in July 1957, gives advice and technical assistance to developing
countries on nuclear power development, nuclear safety, radioactive
waste management, and related efforts. Safeguards are the technical
means applied by the IAEA to verify that nuclear equipment or
materials are used exclusively for peaceful purposes. IAEA headquarters
are in Vienna, Austria.
- International Atomic Energy List - The International Atomic
Energy List is one of three lists maintained by CoCom. The AEL,
comprising strictly nuclear-related items that are also of commercial
value, consists of: materials, facilities, nuclear-related equipment,
and software. State, which has the lead in U.S. negotiations concerning
the AEL, relies on DOE experts.
- International Bank for Reconstruction and Development - The
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, a part
of the World Bank, was established in December 1945 to help countries
reconstruct their economies after World War II. IBRD assists developing
member countries by lending to government agencies and by guaranteeing
private loans for such projects as agricultural modernization
or infrastructural development. Bank headquarters are in Washington,
D.C. See: World Bank.
- International Banking Act - The IBA, passed in 1978, established
a federal legislative framework for governing the activities of
foreign banks, which previously had been governed only by state
laws. The IBA established a policy of national treatment for U.S.
offices of foreign banks by: (a) limiting any new multistate branching
activities to activities more comparable to those of U.S. banks;
(b) placing the foreign bank offices under the same reserve requirements
that apply to U.S. banks; (c) limiting foreign bank involvement
in U.S. securities; and (d) making federal deposit insurance available
to U.S. offices of foreign banks if they chose to engage in retail
banking. See: Foreign Bank Supervision Enhancement Act.
- International Banking Facility - An IBF is one of four categories
of foreign banking in the United States. An IBF may be a domestic
bank or an office of a foreign bank. In either circumstance, the
IBF maintains asset and liability ational Summary (MOS) listing
all projects in the pipeline; (b) Technical Data Sheets (TDS),
published for each approved loan, listing identifying information,
procurement methods, cofinancing and similar data; (c) general
procurement notices, issued for projects involving international
competitive bidding; (d) specific procurement notices describing
specific items to be procured and bidding requirements; and (e)
major contract award notices identifying successful bidders for
contracts which were recently awarded. See: International Competitive
Bidding Limited International Bidding Local Competitive Bidding.
- International Cargo Handling Coordination Association - The
ICHCA: (a) collects, edits, and disseminates technical information
relating to cargo handling by all modes of transport; (b) maintains
consultative status with the International Standards Organization
for the development of standards relating to cargo handling equipment
(such as hooks, containers, wire slings, spreaders, and pallets);
(c) maintains a library for members' use; and (d) represents members'
interests on an international basis. There is an ICHSA U.S. National
Section. The ICHCA Secretariat General is in London, England.
- International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes
- ICSID, an affiliate of the World Bank, is a public international
organization which provides facilities for the conciliation and
arbitration of investment disputes between Contracting States
and nationals of other Contracting States. The Centre's objective
is to promote an atmosphere of mutual confidence between States
and foreign investors conducive to increasing the flow of private
international investment. The Centre does not itself engage in
conciliation or arbitration but assists in the initiation and
conduct of conciliation and arbitration proceedings. Recourse
to conciliation and arbitration under the ICSID Convention is
entirely voluntary. However, once the parties have consented,
they are bound to carry out their undertakings and, the case of
arbitration, to abide by the award. All Contracting States, whether
or not parties to the dispute, are required to recognize awards
rendered pursuant to the Convention as binding and to enforce
the pecuniary obligations imposed thereby. The Centre also conducts
and publishes research in foreign investment law. ICSID was created
under a treaty, the Convenion on the Settlement of Investment
Disputes Between States and Nationals of Other States (the ICSID
Convention) which entered into force in October 1966. The Centre's
headquarters are in Washington, D.C. See: World Bank.
- International Chamber of Commerce - ICC was created in 1919
to promote free trade, private enterprise, and represent business
interests at national and international levels. Members include
national councils from sixty countries. ICC headquarters are in
Paris, France.
- International Civil Aviation Organization - The ICAO is an
United Nations specialized agency which promotes international
cooperation in civil aviation. The ICAO Council adopts standards
and recommended practices concerning air nagivation, prevention
of unlawful interference, and facilitation of border-crossing
procedures for international civil aviation. Operating since 1947,
ICAO includes almost all U.N. members. Headquarters are in Montreal,
Canada.
- International Coffee Agreement - An agreement signed by 67
countries, representing all of the world's major exporters and
importers of coffee. The International Coffee Organization, ICO,
acted as a forum for market participants since the early 1960s,
but has not regulated markets since July 1989, when consuming
and exporting country members were unable to agree on export quotas.
Since suspending export quotas, the ICO has been acting mainly
as a center for meetings and as a collector of statistics on the
coffee market. The forum scheduled a September 1994 decision on
future directions for the ICO. The Association of Coffee Producing
Countries, a new pact comprising 28 members which account for
85 percent of world coffee exports, has been seeking to strengthen
world prices through an export-retention plan.
- International Coffee Organization - See: International Coffee
Agreement.
- International Commodity Agreement - An ICA is an international
understanding, usually reflected in a legal instrument, relating
to trade in a particular basic commodity, and based on terms negotiated
and accepted by most of the countries that export and import commercially
significant quantities of the commodity. Some commodity agreements
(such as exists for coffee, cocoa, natural rubber, sugar, and
tin) center on economic provisions intended to defend a price
range for the commodity through the use of buffer stocks or export
quotas or both. Other commodity agreements (such as existing agreements
for jute and jute products, olive oil, and wheat) promote cooperation
among producers and consumers through improved consultation, exchange
of information, research and development, and export promotion.
- International Competitive Bidding - ICB is one of several forms
of procurement made with World Bank financing. While the World
Bank provides financing from its loans for the contracts and ensures
that agreed procurement procedures are observed, the borrower,
not the World Bank, is always responsible for procurement. ICB
requires that: (a) all goods or works to be procured through ICB
be internationally advertised through the United Nations (in the
publication: Development Business) and at least one major local
newspaper; (b) bids be entertained in the bidder's or other currencies
in which expenses would normally be occurred on in an international
currency specified by the borrower; (c) payments be made in the
currencies in the bids, without requirement to accept any portion
of payment in countertrade; (d) documents be in an international
language (English, French, or Spanish); (e) bids be openly reviewed;
and (f) contracts be awarded to the lowest evaluated responsive
bid. ICB permits a margin of preference to be given to domestic
goods and, under certain conditions, to domestic contracting services
in developing countries. See: International Business Opportunities
Service Limited International Bidding Local Competitive Bidding.
- International Confederation of Agricultural Credit - See: Confederation
Internationale du Credit Agricole.
- International Confederation of Free Trade Unions - ICFTU was
established in 1949 to promote the trade union movement by recognizing
workers' organizations and through other means of support for
the rights of workers to bargain. Members include more than 140
national organizations from nearly 100 countries. ICFTU organizes
and educates free trade unions in the developing world primarly
through its three regional organizations: APRO for Asia and the
Pacific located in New Delhi, India; AFRO in Afria, and ORIT in
Latin America, located in Mexico City. ICFTU headquarters are
in Brussels, Belgium.
- International Congress Office - The ICO is a U.S. Travel and
Tourism Administration office that persuades international associations
to select the U.S. as venues for their meetings. The ICO operates
out of the American Embassy in Paris.
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