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Comm - CXT
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- Committee for the Implementation of Textile Agreements - CITA
is an interagency committee chaired by the Department of Commerce
which exercises the rights of the United States under the Multi-Fiber
Arrangement. CITA initiates "calls" for consultation
when imports of a particular textile product from a particular
country disrupt the U.S. domestic market for that product. Other
member agencies include the Departments of Labor, State, and Treasury
and the United States Trade Representative. See: Multi-Fiber Arrangement.
- Committee of Experts - The CE is an autonomous body of 20 independent
legal experts appointed by the International Labor Organization
(ILO) Governing Body. The CE meets annually prior to the June
conference to examine reports of governments on ILO conventions,
and information provided by governments on what they have done
with newly adopted conventions. The CE submits its report and
findings to the International Labor Conference Committee on the
Application of Conventions and Recommendations.
- Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States - The
Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States, CFIUS, was
created in 1975 to provide guidance on arrangements with foreign
governments for advance consultations on prospective major foreign
governmental investments in the United States, and to consider
proposals for new legislation or regulation relating to foreign
investment. The authority was amended by Section 5021 (the Exon-Florio
provision) of the Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988
(Section 721 of the Defense Production Act), which gives the President
authority to review mergers, acquisitions, and takeovers of U.S.
companies by foreign interests and to prohibit, suspend, or seek
divestiture in the courts of investments that may lead to actions
that threaten to impair the national security. By Executive Order
in December 1988, Treasury has authority to implement the Exon-Florio
provision. CFIUS has 11 members: the Secretaries of the Treasury
(the chair), State, Defense, and Commerce, the chairman of the
Council of Economic Advisors, the U.S. Trade Representative, the
Attorney General, the Director of the Office of Management and
Budget, the Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy,
the Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs,
and the Assistant to the President for Economic Policy. The Assistant
Secretary for Trade Development serves as Commerce's representative
to CFIUS. The Commerce working group is chaired by the International
Trade Administration and includes the Bureau of Export Administration,
the Economics and Statistics Administration, the Technology Administration,
and the Office of the General Counsel. See: Exon-Florio Foreign
Direct Investment in the United States.
- Committee on Renewable Energy, Commerce, and Trade - CORECT
facilitates the cost-effective use of U.S. renewable energy products
and services around the world. The Committee is comprised of 14
federal agencies: the Departments of Commerce, Defense, Energy,
Interior, State, and Treasury, the Agency for International Development,
Environmental Protection Agency, Export-Import Bank, Overseas
Private Investment Corporation, Small Business Administration,
Trade and Development Agency, United States Information Agency,
and U.S. Trade Representative. The Committee, chaired by Energy,
was established by legislation in 1984.
- Committee on Trade and Development - The CTD was established
in 1965 to consider how the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
(GATT) can aid the economic development of Less Developed Country
(LDC) contracting parties (that is, LDC members).
- Commodity Control List - See: Commerce Control List.
- Commodity Credit Corporation - The CCC finances a variety of
federal domestic and international farm programs, including Title
I, Title II, and Title III of Public Law 480 (Food for Peace).
The CCC is a government-owned and operated corporation within
the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), and is managed by a
board of directors headed by the Secretrary of Agriculture. All
members of the board and the corporation's officers and staff
are officals of USDA. The CCC provides financing and stability
to the marketing and exporting of agricultural commodities.
- Commodity Import Programs - CIPs finance the export of U.S.
goods to U.S.-aid recipient countries. Under CIPs, the Agency
for International Development (AID) makes dollars available to
the assisted country on a loan or grant basis to pay for essential
commodity imports. In nearly all cases, these imports come from
the United States. CIPs are used to provide relatively fast disbursing
balance of payments support or to generate local currency for
budget support for project goals, particularly in efforts designed
to encourage private sector development. CIP agreements usually
provide for AID's financing of a wide variety of basic items including
agricultural goods, construction and transportation equipment,
fertilizer, chemicals, raw materials, semi-finished products,
and foodstuffs. CIPs do not finance military or police equipment,
luxury items, or items of questionable safety or efficacy. In
some cases, the range of allowable commodities is narrowed in
order to tailor them to development needs of particular sectors
in the assisted country or to accomplish other, specific development
goals.
- Commodity Jurisdiction - Export jurisdiction of products is
administered by the State Department's Office of Defense Trade
Controls (DTC) if the commodities are defense articles, technical
data, and services or by the Commerce Department's Bureau of Export
Administration if the commodities are dual-use items. An exporter
may request DTC to conduct a commodity jurisdiction (CJ) review
if the exporter is uncertain as to whether an item is covered
by the United States Munitions List (USML) or believes it has
been inappropriately placed on the list. CJ procedures include
deadlines for making a determination and the use of criteria assessing:
(a) performance, (b) significant military or intelligence applicability,
and (c) significant civilian applicability.
- Common Agricultural Policy - The CAP is a set of regulations
by which members states of the European Community (EC) seek to
merge their individual agricultural programs into a unified effort
to promote regional agricultural development, fair and rising
standards of living for the farm population, stable agricultural
markets, increased agricultural productivity, and methods of dealing
with food supply security. Two of the principal elements of the
CAP are the variable levy (an import duty amounting to the difference
between EC target farm prices and the lowest available market
prices of imported agricultural commodities) and export restitutions,
or subsidies, to promote exports of farm goods that cannot be
sold within the EC at the target prices.
- Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) - A comprehensive system of
production targets and marketing mechanisms designed to manage
agricultural trade within the European Community and with the
rest of the world.
- Common External Tariff - A uniform tariff adopted by a customs
union to be assessed on imports entering the union territory from
countries outside the union; abbreviated: CET or CXT.
* Common External Tariff (CET) - A uniform tariff adopted by a
customs union (e.g.. European Community) to be assessed on imports
entering a region from countries outside the union.
- Common Market - A common market (as opposed to a free trade
area) has a common external tariff and may allow for labor mobility
and common economic policies among the participating nations.
The European Community is the most notable example of a common
market.
- Common Monetary Agreement - South Africa, Lesotho, and Swaziland
are members of the CMA under which they apply uniform exchange
control regulations to ensure monetary order in the region. Funds
are freely transferable among the three countries, and Lesotho
and Swaziland have free access to South African capital markets.
Lesotho also uses the South African currency, the rand. The CMA
was formed in 1986 as a result of the renegotiation of the Rand
Monetary Agreement (RMA) which was originally formed in 1974 by
the same member countries.
- Common Standard Level of Effective Protection - The common
standard level of effective protection, CSP, refers to the minimum
shared standards between the U.S. and CoCom members for implementing
an effective export control system, including licensing and enforcement
elements.
- Commonwealth - A commonwealth is a free association of sovereign
independent states that has no charter, treaty, or constitution.
The association promotes cooperation, consultation, and mutual
assistance among members. The British Commonwealth (with headquarters
in London, England) is the most notable example; it included 50
states at the beginning of 1991.
- Commonwealth Development Corporation - The CDC is a British
public corporation which provides medium- and long-term loans
and equity financing for development-related private and public
sector projects in selected countries. CDC financing is available
for projects in the folowing sectors: agriculture (livestock,
horticulture, and acquaculture), forestry, fishing, mineral extraction,
industry, public utilties, transport, telecommunications, low-cost
housing, hotels, construction and civil engineering, financial
management and consultancy services, and leasing of assests. The
Corporation does not invest in schools, colleges, hospitals, public
service works or broadcasting. Since 1969, CDC has been able to
invest in non-Commonwealth countries with ministerial agreement.
The CDC was established in 1948; headquarters are in London, England.
- Commonwealth of Independent States - The CIS was established
in December 1991 as an association of 11 republics of the former
Soviet Union. The members include: Russia, Ukraine, Belarus (formerly
Byelorussia), Moldova (formerly Moldavia), Armenia, Azerbaijan,
Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, and Kirgizstan
(formerly Kirghiziya). The Baltic states did not join. Georgia
maintained observer status, before joining the CIS in November
1993. Until that time, the NIS (Newly Independent States) differed
from the CIS in that the NIS is a collective reference to 12 Soviet
republics, including Georgia.
- Communaute Economique de l'Afrique de l'Ouest - See: West African
Economic Community.
- Communaute Economique des Etats de l'Afrique Centrale - See:
Economic Community of Central African States.
- Communaute Economique des Pays des Grands Lacs - See: Economic
Community of the Great Lakes Countries.
- Communautes Europeenes - The CE mark is applied to products,
their packaging or paperwork as a declaration of conformity, third
party testing and/or certification, quality assurance audit and/or
full type approval by a body authorized by a European Economic
Community member state and recognized by the European Commission.
Effective January 1, 1993, the CE mark on a product attests that
it complies with all in-force Directives pertinent to it. The
CE mark preempts all other European Community national safety
marks. If it is discovered that the CE mark has been improperly
affixed, the product in question will be prohibited and no longer
marketed. Legal penalties are at the discretion of each member
state.
- Communications Satellite Corporation - COMSAT was established
in 1963 under provision of the Communications Satellite Act of
1962. The legislation directed that COMSAT establish the world's
first commercial international satellite communications system.
The Act also stipulated that the company operate as a shareholder-owned
"for-profit" corporation. COMSAT represents the U.S.
in the International Telecommunications Satellite Organization.
- Comp. T.L. - Compromised total loss
- Compagnie Francaise d'Assurance pour le Commerce Exterieur
- COFACE is a French company acting as a commercial export finance
agency by insuring short-term political and commercial risk and
by facilitating the financing for export credit. Any French exporter
(manufacturers, intermediaries, confirmers, and merchants) of
French goods and services can be insured for sales abroad. In
conjunction with the Banque Francaise du Commerce Exterieur and
other banks and institutions, COFACE provides services similar
to the Export-Import Bank. COFACE was established in 1946; headquarters
are in Paris, France. See: Banque Francaise du Commerce Exterieur.
- Compensation - A GATT principle which holds that if any member
country raises a tariff above its bound rate, withdraws a binding
or otherwise violates a trade concession with GATT justification,
the party must lower other tariffs or make other concessions to
offset the disadvantage suffered by trading partners or face offsetting
actions (retaliation) by affected parties.
- Compensatory and Contingency Financing Facility - The CCFF
is an International Monetary Fund (IMF) facility which provides
resources to an IMF member for a shortfall in export earnings
or an excess in cereal import costs that is due to factors largely
beyond the member's control and which is temporary. Compensatory
financing, introduced in 1963 and broadened several times, provides
aid to members experiencing balance of payments problems as a
result of fluctuations in commodity prices and shortfalls of receipts
in tourism, "workers' remittances" and most services.
Contingency financing helps members with IMF-supported adjustment
programs to maintain the momentum of adjustment efforts in the
face of a broad range of unanticipated, adverse external shocks
-- for example, changes in international interest rates or prices
or primary imports or exports.
- Composite Currency Peg - See: Exchange Rate Classifications.
- Composite Theoretical Performance - Computer hardware export
license requirements are evaluated according to Composite Theoretical
Performance (CTP), which replaced the former Processing Data Rate
(PDR) parameter. CTP is measured in Million Theoretical Operations
Per Second (MTOPS). CTP was developed by the U.S. as a new parameter,
and was adopted by CoCom during the Core List negotiations, because
PDR was not applicable to certain modern computer architectures
such as vector processors, massively parallel processors, and
array processors. CTP is designed to measure all of these architectures,
as well as signal processing equipment.
- COMPRO - COMPRO is an on-line trade data retrieval system maintained
by the International Trade Administration within the U.S. Department
of Commerce. The system is exclusively for use within the federal
government trade community (ITA, USTR, ITC, and other executive
branch agencies. It is also the oldest and best known component
of the Trade Policy Information System (TPIS). COMPRO is slated
to be replaced in the FY 1995-96 TPIS modernization, but its functions
will remain available in an expanded and generalized form. See:
Trade Policy Information System.
- COMSAT - Communications Satellite Corporation
- Concession - A tariff reduction, tariff binding, or other agreement
to reduce import restrictions; usually accorded pursuant to negotiation
in return for concessions by other parties.
- Conditional Most-Favored-Nation Treatment - The according of
Most Favored Nation (MFN) treatment subject to compliance with
specific terms or conditions. All members of GATT, including the
United States, accord unconditional MFN treatment to most other
GATT members. The United States, howeerms of Title IV of the Trade
Act of 1974.
- Conds. - Conditions
- Confederation Internationale du Credit Agricole - COCA (English:
International Confederation of Agricultural Credit, ICAC) coordil
credit banks and other institutions which provide or study agricultural
credits. ICAC was established in 1932; headquarters are in Zurich,
Switzerland.
- Conference Europeenne des Administrations des Postes et des
Telecommunications - CEPT (English: lecommunciations services.
Many CEPT standards creating activities have been assumed by the
European Telecommunications Standards Institute. CEPT maintains
offices in Paris, France and Bern, Switzerland. See: European
Telecommunications Standards Institute.
- Co's Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA or COMECON).
CSCE administers residual tariffs and quotas and relations with
other organizations.
- Confirmed Letter of Credit - A letter of credit, issued by
a foreign bank, whose validity has been confirmed by an American
bank. An exporter whose payment terms are a confirmed letter of
credit is assured of payment even if the foreign buyer or the
foreign bank defaults.
- Confirming - Confirming is a financial service in which an
independent company confirms an export order in the seller's country
and makes payment for the goods in the currency of that country.
Among the items eligible for confirmation are the goods; inland,
air, and ocean transportation costs; forwarding fees; custom brokerage
fees; and duties. Confirming permits the entire export transaction
from plant to end user to be fully coordinated and paid for over
time. It is mainly a European practice.
- Conformite Europeene - The CE mark signifies that a product
meets specific EC-wide conformity assessment requirements. The
mark does not endorse the quality or durability of a product,
but only that it satisfies mandatory technical requirements. The
designation is needed for sale of products which become subject
ot Community-wide "new-approach" directives. See: European
Norm.
- conlinebill - Liner bill of lading published by the Baltic
and International Maritime Conference (B.I.M.C.O.).
- Conseil de Cooperation Douaniere - See: Customs Cooperation
Council.
- Conseil de l'Entente - The Conseil de l'Entente (Entente Council)
is an alliance of Benin, Burkina Faso, C"te d'Ivoire, Niger
(all formerly part of French West Africa), and Togo (which joined
in 1966). The Council was established in 1959; headquarters are
in Abidjan, C"te d'Ivoire.
- Consgt. - Consignment
- consignee - Person to whom goods are to be delivered at a particular
destination by a carrier.
- Consignee - The person or firm named in a freight contract
to whom goods have been consigned or turned over. For export control
purposes, the documentation differentiates between an "intermediate"
consignee and an "ultimate" consignee.
- Consignee Marks - A symbol placed on packages for export for
identification purposes; generally consisting of a triangle, square,
circle, diamond, cross, with letters and/or numbers as well as
port of discharge.
- Consignment - Delivery of merchandise from an exporter (the
consignor) to an agent (the consignee) under agreement that the
agent sell the merchandise for the account of the exporter. The
consignor retains title to the goods until sold. The consignee
sells the goods for commission and remits the net proceeds to
the consignor.
- consignor - Person who gives goods to a carrier for delivery
to a consignee.
- Consortia of American Businesses in Eastern Europe - The CABEE
program, administered by the U.S. Department of Commerce, provides
grants of up to $500,000 to each of five non-profit consortia
of for-profit companies to cover up to one-half of costs of starting-up
commercial operations in Eastern Europe. Launched under the American
Business and Private-Sector Development Initiative for Eastern
Europe, CABEE is intended to help overcome difficulties faced
by small and medium-sized firms in entering Eastern Europe markets.
CABEE was established in June 1991.
- Consortia of American Businesses in the Newly Independent States
- CABNIS is a cooperative, cost-sharing program of government
and the private sector that helps non-profit business consortia
establish a commercial presence and pursue business in the Newly
Indpendent States on behalf of profit-making U.S. corporations
and associations. The program provides matching government grants
of up to $500,000 to each consortia. CABNIS, established in July
1992, is administered by the Commerce Department's International
Trade Administration. CABNIS was established in July 1992.
- Constructed Value - A means of determining fair or foreign
market value when sales of such or similar merchandise do not
exist or, for various reasons, cannot be used for comparison purposes.
The "constructed value" consists of the cost of materials
and fabrication or other processing employed in producing the
merchandise, general expenses of not less than 10 percent of material
and fabrication costs, and profit of not less than 8 percent of
the sum of the production costs and general expenses. To this
amount is added the cost of packing for exportation to the United
States. See: Tariff Act of 1930.
- Consul - A government official residing in a foreign country
who is charged with the representation of the interests of his
country and its nationals.
- Consular Declaration - A formal statement describing goods
to be shipped, made to the consul of the country of destination.
Approval must be obtained prior to shipment.
- Consular Declaration - A formal statement, made to the consul
of a foreign country, describing goods to be shipped.
- Consular Information Sheet - See: Travel Advisory Program.
- Consular Invoice - A document required by some foreign countries
showing exact information as to consignor, consignee, value and
description of shipment.
- Consular Invoice - A document, required by some foreign countries,
describing a shipment of goods and showing information such as
the consignor, consignee, and value of the shipment. Certified
by a consular official of the foreign country, it is used by the
country's customs officials to verify the value, quantity, and
nature of the shipment.
- Consulate - See: Title and Rank.
- Consulate - The jurisdiction, terms of office, or official
premises of a consul.
- Consultative Committee for International Telephone and Telegraphy
- CCITT facilitates U.S. coordination of communications standards
issues. CCITT is a part of the International Telecommunications
Union (ITU), which is an international treaty organization. The
State Department is responsible for coordinating and presenting
U.S. positions to the ITU. See: International Telecommunications
Union.
- Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research -
CGIAR, an informal association of public and private sector donors,
supports international agricultural research centers (IARCs) around
the world. The centers develop new ways to increase sustainable
food production and improve the nutritional and economic well-being
of low-income people. CGIAR, sponsored by the World Bank and other
international organizations, was established in 1971; its Secretariat
is in Washington, D.C. The research centers include: - Centro
Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), Colombia - Centro
Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maiz y Trigo (CIMMYT), Mexico
- International Board for Plant Genetic Resources (IBPGR), Italy
- International Center for Agricultural Research in Dry Areas
(ICARDA), Syria - International Centre for Research in Forestry
(ICRAF), Kenya - International Crops Research Institute for the
Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), India - International Food Policy
Research Institute (IFPRI), United States - International Irrigation
Management Institute (IIMI), Sri Lanka - International Institute
of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Nigeria - International Livestock
Center for Africa (ILCA), Ethiopia - International Laboratory
for Research on Animal Diseases (ILRAD), Kenya - International
Network for the Improvement of Banana and Plantain (INIBAP), France
- International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Philippines -
International Service for National Agricultural Research (ISNAR),
Netherlands and - West Africa Rice Development Association (WARDA),
C"te d'Ivoire.
- Consumption Entry - An official form used for declaration of
value, description and the total duty due on such transaction.
- Cont. - Continent of Europe
- Cont.(A.H.) - Continent, Antwerp-Hamburg range
- Cont.(B.H.) - Continent, Bordeaux-Hamburg range
- Cont.(H.H.) - Continent, Havre-Hamburg range
- Contadora Group - The Contadora Group, which first met on the
Panamanian island of Contadora in January 1983, seeks solutions
to conflict in Central America. Members include the foreign ministers
of Colombia, Mexico, Panama, and Venezuela. Group headquarters
are in Mexico City, Mexico.
- Container - A uniform, sealed, reusable metal "box"
in which merchandise is shipped by vessel, truck, or rail. Standard
lengths include 10, 20, 30, and 40 feet (40 foot lengths are generally
able to hold about 40,000 pounds). Containers of 45 and 48 feet
are also used, as well as containers for shipment by air.
- container - Box, in several standard sizes, designed to enable
goods to be sent several places without the contents being touched.
- Contracting Parties - Contracting parties are the signatory
countries to the GATT. These countries have accepted the specified
obligations and privileges of the GATT agreement.
- Conv. - Conveyance
- Convention - See: International Agreements.
- Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods
- The UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of
Goods, CISG, became the law of the United States in January 1988.
CISG establishes uniform legal rules governing formation of international
sales contracts and the rights and obligations of the buyer and
seller. The CISG applies automatically to all contracts for the
sale of goods between traders from two different countries that
have both ratified the CISG, unless the parties to the contract
expressly exclude all or part of the CISG or expressly stipulate
a law other than the CISG.
- Conventional Arms Transfer - The transfer of non-nuclear weapons,
aircraft, equipment, and military services from supplier states
to recipient states. U.S. arms are transferred by grants as in
the Military Assistance Program (MAP); by private commercial sales;
and by government-to-government sales under Foreign Military Sales
(FMS). MAP provides defense articles and defense services to eligible
foreign governments on a grant basis. FMS provides credits and
loan repayment guarantees to enable eligible foreign governments
to purchase defense articles and defense services.
- Cooperator Program - See: Foreign Market Development Program.
- Coordinating Committee on Multilateral Export Controls - CoCom
is an informal organization that cooperatively restricts strategic
exports to controlled countries. CoCom controls three lists: (a)
the international industrial list (synonymous with the "dual-use"
or "core" list), (b) the international munitions list,
and (c) the atomic energy list. The 17 CoCom members are: Australia,
Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, the Federal Republic of Germany,
Greece, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal,
Spain, Turkey, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Other
countries, including: Austria, Finland, Hong Kong, Ireland, New
Zealand, Sweden, and Switzerland have been designated as "cooperating
countries." These countries receive many of the benefits
ascribed to CoCom member countries. CoCom controls exports at
three levels, depending on the item and the proposed destination.
At the highest or "general exception" level, unanimous
approval by CoCom members is necessary. At the next level, "favorable
consideration," there is a presumption of approval; the export
may be made if no CoCom members objects within 30 days of submission
to CoCom. At the lowest level, "national discretion"
(also called "administrative exception"), a member nation
may approve the export on its own, but CoCom must be notified
after the fact. CoCom is scheduled to terminate on March 31, 1994.
- Coordination Council for North American Affairs - The CCNAA,
the counterpart to the American Institute in Taiwan, unofficially
represents Taiwan's interests in the United States. The Council
provides information on trade, business, and investment opportunities
to the American business community. Council headquarters are in
Washington, D.C. See: American Institute in Taiwan.
- COP - Cost of Production
- COPANT - Comision Panamericana de Normas Tecnicas
- Coproduction - Coproduction is a U.S. government program implemented
either by a government-to-government arrangement or through specific
licensing arrangements by designated commercial firms. These programs
enable foreign entities to acquire the know-how to manufacture
or assemble, repair, maintain, and operate all or part of a specific
defense item or weapon, communication, or support system.
- Core List - National security controls are based largely on
CoCom's international industrial list (known generally as the
"core list"), which replaced the old industrial list
effective September 1991. The core list includes items in ten
categories: (1) materials, (2) materials processing, (3) electronics,
(4) computers, (5) telecommunications and cryptography, (6) sensors,
(7) avionics and navigation, (8) marine technology, (9) propulsion
systems and transportation equipment, and (10) miscellaneous.
- CORECT - Committee on Renewable Energy, Commerce, and Trade
- Corporacion Andina de Fomento - See: Andean Group.
- Cost and Freight - Cost and Freight (CFR) to a named overseas
port of import. Under this term, the seller quotes a price for
the goods that includes the cost of transportation to the named
point of debarkation. The cost of insurance is left to the buyer's
account. (Typically used for ocean shipments only. CPT, or carriage
paid to, is a term used for shipment by modes other than water.)
Also, a method of import valuation that includes insurance and
freight charges with the merchandise values.
- Cost of Production - A term used to refer to the sum of the
cost of materials, fabrication and/or other processing employed
in producing the merchandise sold in a home market or to a third
country together with appropriate allocations of general administrative
and selling expenses. COP is based on the producer's actual experience
and does not include any mandatory minimum general expense or
profit as in "constructed value." See: Tariff Act of
1930.
- Cost, Insurance and Freight - Cost, insurance, and freight
(CIF) to a named overseas port of import. Under this term, the
seller quotes a price for the goods (including insurance), all
transportation, and miscellaneous charges to the point of debarkation
for the vessel. (Typically used for ocean shipments only. CIP,
or carriage and insurance paid to, is a term used for shipment
by modes other than water.)
- Costs of Manufacture - In the context of dumping investigations,
the costs of manufacture, COM, is equal to the sum of the materials,
labor and both direct and indirect factory overhead expenses required
to produce the merchandise under investigation.
- Cottonseed Oil Assistance Program - COAP, one of four export
subsidy programs operated by the Department of Agriculture, helps
U.S. exporters meet prevailing world prices for cottonseed oil
in targeted markets. USDA pays cash to U.S. exporters as bonuses,
making up the difference between the higher U.S. cost of acquiring
cottonwseed oil and the lower world price at which it is sold.
- Council for Mutual Economic Assistance - The Council for Mutual
Economic Assistance, CMEA or COMECON, was established in 1949
ostensibly to create a common market. CMEA was a Soviet initiative
with Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, and Romania as
founder members. The Council was later joined by the German Democratic
Republic, Mongolia, Cuba, and Vietnam; Yugoslavia held associate
status. Members normally received some products, particularly
oil and gas, from the former Soviet Union at below-market prices.
CMEA was succeeded in 1991 by the Organization for Economic Cooperation
(OIEC).
- Council of American States in Europe - This Council is composed
of state representatives resident in Europe supportive of official
U.S. promotions.
- Council of Economic Arab Unity - CEAU fosters economic integration
among Arab nations. The Council's activities compiling statistics,
conducting research, and promoting a customs union. The Council
was established in 1964; headquarters are in Amman, Jordan. The
Council oversees the Arab Common Market, which comprises Egypt,
Iraq, Jordan, Libya, Mauritania, Syria, and Yemen.
- Council of Europe - The COE (also: CE; French: Conseil de l'Europe))
was established in May 1949 to encourage unity and social and
economic growth among members, which currently include: Austria,
Belgium, Cyprus, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary,
Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malta, the
Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, San Marino, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Turkey, and the United Kingdom. COE headquarters are in Strasbourg,
France.
- Council on Security and Cooperation in Europe - Members include:
Albania, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belgium, Bulgaria, Byelarus,
Canada, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France,
Germany, Greece, the Holy See, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy,
Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg,
Malta, Moldova, Monaco, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,
Romania, Russia, San Marino, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Tajikistan,
Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, the United Kingdom, the United
States, Uzbekistan, and Yugoslavia.
- Counter Trade - A general trade term whereby a seller is required
to accept goods or services from the buyer as either full or partial
payment. This is a well known phenomenon in East-West trade, but
is increasingly being practiced worldwide.
- Counterfeit Code - A draft agreement addressing commercial
counterfeit (e.g. trademarks) problems in international trade.
Initiated during the Tokyo Round, this code was never concluded.
The issue of counterfeiting, as well as other intellectual property
issues, is now under discussion in the Uruguay Round negotiating
group on Intellectual Property Rights.
- Counterpurchase - See: Countertrade.
- Countertrade - Countertrade is an umbrella term for several
sorts of trade in which the seller is required to accept goods,
serivces, or other instruments or trade, in partial or whole payment
for its products. Forms include barter, buy-back or compensation,
offset requirements, swap, switch, or triangular trade, evidence
or bilateral clearing accounts. Some include offsets as a form
of countertrade; others make a distinction based on the view that
countertrade is a reciprocal exchange of goods and services used
to alleviate foreign exchange shortages of importers and that
offsets are used as a means for advancing industrial development
objectives and may include equity investments. In counterpurchase
(one of the most common forms of countertrade), exporters agree
to purchase a quantity of goods from a country in exchange for
that country's purchase of the exporter's product. The goods being
sold by each party are typically unrelated but may be equivalent
in value. In a compensation or buy-back deal, exporters of heavy
equipment, technology, or even entire facilities agree to purchase
a certain percentage of the output of the facility. Barter is
a simple swap of one good for another. Switch trading is a complicated
form of barter, involving a chain of buyers and sellers in different
markets. See: Offsets.
- Countervailing Duties (CVD) - These are duties levied on an
imported good to offset subsidies to producers or exporters of
that good in the exporting country. GATT Article VI permits the
use of such duties if material injury to the importing country's
producers occurs.
- Countervailing Duty - An extra charge that a country places
on imported goods to counter the subsidies or bounties granted
to the exporters of the goods by their home governments. The duty
is allowed by the Code on Subsidies and Countervailing Duties
negotiated at the Tokyo Round, if the importing country can prove
that the subsidy would cause injury to domestic industry. U.S.
countervailing duties can only be imposed after the International
Trade Commission has determined that the imports are causing or
threatening to cause material injury to a U.S. industry.
- Country Groups - For export control purposes, the Bureau of
Export Administration of the U.S. Commerce Department separates
countries into seven country groups designated by the symbols:
Q, S, T, V, W, Y, Z. Canada and Antartica are not included in
any country group. Canada is referred to by name throughout the
Export Administration Regulations. Antartica is controlled according
to the country that occupies the area in Antartica where the items
proposed for export or reexport will be used. See: Export Control
Classification Number.
- Country of Export Destination - Country of destination for
exports is the country where the goods are to be consumed, further
processed, or manufactured, as known to the shipper at the time
of exportation. If the shipper does not know the country of ultimate
destination, the shipment is credited to the last country to which
the shipper knows that the merchandise will be shipped in the
same form as when exported.
- Country of Origin - The U.S. Customs Service defines country
of origin as the country where an article was wholly grown, manufactured
or produced, or, if not wholly grown, cultivated or produced in
one country, the last country in which the article underwent a
substantial transformation. Duty rates vary according to the country
of origin.
- Court of International Trade - The CIT has jurisdiction over
any civil action against the United States arising from Federal
laws governing import transactions. The court hears antidumping,
product classification, and countervailing duty matters as well
as appeals of unfair trade practice cases from the International
Trade Commission. The court was originally established in 1890;
principal offices are located in New York City, but the court
is empowered to hear and determine cases arising at any port or
place within the jurisdiction of the United States. The judges
are appointed for life by the President, subject to Senate confirmation.
- Cpa. - Closest point of approach
- CPCM - Comite Permanent Consultatif du Maghreb
- CPT - Carriage Paid To
- Cr. - Credit, Creditor
- Crawling Peg System - The crawling peg is a procedure in which
a currency exchange rate is altered frequently (multiple times
a year), generally to adjust for rapid inflation. Between changes,
the exchange rate for the currency remains fixed. See: Exchange
Rate Classifications.
- Credit Risk Insurance - A form of insurance which protects
the seller against loss due to default on the part of the buyer.
- Credit Risk Insurance - Insurance designed to cover risks of
nonpayment for delivered goods.
- Credit Tranches - The credit tranche policy is the International
Monetary Fund's (IMF) basic policy on the use of its general resources.
Credit is made available in four tranches, each equivalent to
25 percent of a member's quota. A first credit tranche purchase
raises the IMF's holdings of the purchasing member's currency
to no more than 25 percent of quota. Generally, a member may reuest
use of the IMF's resources in the first credit tranche if it demonstrates
that it is making reasonable efforts to overcome its balance of
payments difficulties. Also, a member may request use of the first
credit tranche as part of a stand-by arrangement. Subsequent purchases
are made in the upper credit tranches. These resources are made
available if a member adopts policies that provide appropriate
grounds for expecting that the member's balance of payments difficulties
will be resolved within a reasonable period. Use of these resources
is almost always made under a stand-by or an extended arrangement.
See: International Monetary Fund.
- Critical Circumstances - A determination made by the Assistant
Secretary for Import Administration (of the Commerce Department's
International Trade Administration) as to whether there is a reasonable
basis to believe or suspect that there is a history of dumping
in the United States or elsewhere of the merchandise under consideration,
or that the importer knew or should have known that the exporter
was selling this merchandise at less than fair value, and there
have been massive imports of this merchandise over a relatively
short period. This determination is made if an allegation of critical
circumstances is received from the petitioner. See: Tariff Act
of 1930.
- CSCE - Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe
- CSIS - Center for Strategic and International Studies
- CSP - Common Standard Level of Effective Protection
- CSS - Customized Sales Survey
- CT - Countertrade
- CTD - Committee on Trade and Development
- CTF - Certified Trade Fair .. Certified Event
- CTIS - Center for Trade and Investment Services
- CTP - Composite Theoretical Performance
- Cts. - Crates
- cum. - With, Cumulative
- Currency Swaps - See: Swaps.
- Current Account - See: Balance of Payments.
- Custom House - The government office where duties and/or tolls
are placed on imports or exports and are paid on vehicles or vessels
entered or cleared.
- custom of the port - Established practice at a port which becomes
part of a contract of carriage unless otherwise identified in
the contract.
- Customhouse Brokers - A person or firm, licensed by the Treasury
Department, engaged in entering and clearing goods through customs.
The duties of a broker include preparing the entry blank and filing
it; advising the importer on duties to be paid; advancing duties
and other costs; and, arranging for delivery to his client, his
trucking firm, or other carrier.
- Customized Sales Survey - The CSS is a fee-based International
Trade Administration service that provides firms with key marketing,
pricing, and foreign representation information about their specific
products. Overseas staff conduct on-site interviews to provide
data in nine marketing areas about the product, such as sales
potential in the market, comparable products, distribution channels,
going price, competitive factors, and qualified purchasers. Additional
information may be provided to clients at additional charge. This
product was formerly known as the Comparison Shopping Service.
- Customs Cooperation Council The CCC - (French: Conseil de Cooperation
Dounaiere, CCD) is an international organization consisting of
representatives of about 150 countries. The Council serve as a
technical body which studies and seeks to resolve the various
countries' customs problems in an attempt to harmonize customs
operations and promote trade. The Council was established in 1950;
headquarters are in Brussels, Belgium.
- Customs Cooperation Council Nomenclature - A customs tariff
nomenclature formerly used by many countries, including most European
nations but not the United States. It has been superseded by the
Harmonized System Nomenclature to which most major trading nations,
including the U.S., adhere.
* Customs Electronic Bulletin Board - The CEEB provides information
on rulings, quotas, currency conversion rates, customs valutation
provisions, directives, and other customs news.
- Customs Free Zone - See: Free Trade Zone.
- Customs Harmonization - This is an international effort to
increase the uniformity of customs practices such as evaluation,
nomenclature and enforcement among countries. The Customs Cooperation
Council has been working on an internationally accepted harmonized
commodity system since 1970.
- Customs Import Value - This is the U.S. Customs Service appraisal
value of merchandise. Methodologically, the Customs value is similar
to f.a.s. (free alongside ship) value since it is based on the
value of the product in the foreign country of origin, and excludes
charges incurred in bringing the merchandise to the United States
(import duties, ocean freight, insurance, and so forth); but it
differs in that the U.S. Customs Service, not the importer or
exporter, has the final authority to determine the value of the
good.
- Customs Tariff - A schedule of charges assessed by the federal
government on imported and/or exported goods.
- Customs Union - A group of nations which have agreed to eliminate
tariffs on goods traded among members while imposing common external
tariffs on goods entering from outside the union. The European
Common Market is the best known example.
- Customs Union - An agreement between two or more countries
to remove trade barriers with each other and to establish common
tariff and nontariff policies with respect to imports from countries
outside of the agreement. The European Community is the most well-known
example. The two primary trade effects of a customs union are:
(a) trade creation -- the shift from consumption of domestic production
toward consumption of member imports and (b) trade diversion --
the shift from trade with non-member countries in favor of trade
with member countries.
- Customs Valuation Code - Formally known as the Agreement on
Implementation of Article VII of the General Agreement on Tariffs
and Trade,'' this MTN agreement provides detailed rules for the
determination of value for customs purposes. These rules are designed
to provide a fair, uniform and neutral system of valuation based
on transaction value and preclude the use of arbitrary or fictitious
values.
- Customshouse Broker - The U.S. Customs Service defines a CHB,
or Customs Broker, as any person who is licensed in accordance
with Part III of Title 19 of the Code of Federal Regulations (Customs
regulations) to transact Customs business on behalf of others.
Customs business is limited to those activities involving transactions
with Customs concerning the entry and admissibility of merchandise;
its classification and valuation; the payment of duties, taxes,
or other charges assessed or collected by Customs upon merchandise
by reason of its importation, or the refund, rebate, or drawback
thereof. (See 19 CFR 111.1(b) and (c).)
- CV - Constructed Value
- CVD - Countervailing Duty
- CW - Cash With Order
- CWC - Chemical Weapons Convention
- CXT - Common External Tariff
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