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- D - District Office
- d - Draught
- D-RAM - Dynamic Random Access Memory
- D. - Delivery, Delivered
- D.A.A. - Documents against acceptance
- D.B. - Day Book, Deals and battens (timber trade)
- d.b. - Deals and battens (timber)
- d.b.b. - Deals, battens and boards
- D.D. - Damage done
- D.D.C. - Damage done in collision
- D.D.E. - Direct data entry
- d.d.o. - Despatch discharging only
- d.f. - Dead freight
- D.F. - Direction finder
- d.l.o. - Despatch loading only
- d.l.o. - Dispatch loading only
- d.p. - Direct port
- d.p.r. - Daily pro rata
- D.R.C. - Damaged received in collision
- D.T.B.A. - Days to be agreed, date to be advised
- D.T.I. - Department of Trade and Industry
- d.w. - Deadweight
- D.W.A.T. - Deadweight all told
- d.w.c. - Deadweight capacity
- d.w.t. - Deadweight tonnage
- D/A - Deposit account, Days after acceptance, Documents against
acceptance, Discharge afloat, Deductible average
- D/A - Documents Against Acceptance
- D/C - Deviation clause
- D/d - Days after date, Days' date
- D/D - Demand Draft, Delivered at Docks, Damage Done
- D/N - Debit note
- D/O - Delivery order
- D/P - Documents against payment
- D/R - Deposit receipt
- D/s - Days after sight
- D/V - Dual Valuation
- D/W - Dock warrant
- DA - Development Assistance
- DAC - Development Assistance Committee
- DACON - Data on Consulting Firms
- DAEs - Dynamic Asian Economies
- Dairy Export Incentive Program - DEIP, one of four export subsidy
programs operated by the Department of Agriculture, helps U.S.
exporters meet prevailing world prices for targeted dairy products
and destinations. USDA pays cash to U.S. exporters as bonuses,
allowing them to sell certain U.S. dairy products in targeted
countries at prices below the exporter's costs of acquiring them.
DEIP is used to help products produced by U.S. farmers meet competition
from subsidizing countries.
- DANIDA - Danish International Development Assistance
- Danish International Development Assistance - Danish development
assistance is directed toward alleviating poverty by promoting
economic growth and social development. Recent DANIDA policy is
to increase aid quality by establishing long-term program cooperation
with fewer (20-to-25) developing countries, by emphaiszing grants
instead of loans, by strengthening the role of women in development,
and by promoting respect for human rights and democractic values.
About half of Danish aid is bilateral assistance intended to reach
the least privileged in the poorest countries, about half the
bilateral assistance is allocated to the countries classified
by the UN as least developed countries. Most of the remaining
aid is granted as multilateral assistance through international
orgnizations -- the UN system, the regional development banks,
the European Community, and as humanitarian assistance. Following
a May 1991 restructuring of Danish aid administration, DANIDA
has ceased to exist as an organization but is used to denote official
Danish cooperation with developing countries. That reorganization
established a South Group in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs as
the locus of development assistance. South Group headquarters
are in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Data on Consulting Firms - DACON is a computerized roster of
consulting firms interested in doing business on World Bank-financed
projects. The Bank uses DACON registrations to select firms to
be considered for short lists (that is, a select list of firms
to be invited to submit proposals) as well as to review the qualifications
of firms proposed by the borrower. Registration eligibility includes
minimum size and experience requirements. Consulting firms are
not required to register; registration does not constitute the
Bank's endorsement of the firm's qualifications or the Bank's
approval of the firm's appointment for any specific project. The
use of the acronym DACON is not limited to the World Bank; for
example, the Inter-American Development Bank also maintains data
on consultants in its separately administered DACON.
- Date Draft - A draft which matures a specified number of days
after the date it is issued, without regard to the date of acceptance.
- DBGLS - Development Bank of the Great Lakes States
- Dbk. - Drawback
- DCM - Deputy Chief of Mission
- DCS - Defense Conversion Subcommittee
- dd. - Delivered
- dd/s. - Delivered sound (grain trade)
- Debt Swaps - See: Swaps.
- DEC - District Export Council
- Declaration by Foreign Shipper - The U.S. Customs Service defines
this term as a statement by the shipper in the foreign country
attesting to certain facts. For example, articles shipped from
the United States to an insular possession and then returned must
be accompanied by a declaration by the shipper in the insular
possession, indicating that, to the best of his or her knowledge,
the articles were exported directly from the United States to
the insular possession and remained there until the moment of
their return to the United States. (see 19 CFR 4.60 and 4.61 on
U.S. clearance of vessels bound for a foreign port or ports.)
- Ded. - Deductible
- Def.a/c - Deferred account
- Defense Conversion - "Defense conversion," as applicable
to conversion of U.S. defense activity, is the transfer of defense
production capabilities to non-defense production, either non-defense
industrial products (e.g., pumps and valves) or consumer goods.
The Russians, according to their Defense Conversion Law, have
a broader definition, which includes the possiblity of a plant
maintaining its defense production while expanding its non-defense
production for other purposes, including the generation of hard-currency
exports.
- Defense Conversion Subcommittee - The DCS promotes trade between
U.S. industry and the Russian defense sector by identifing investment
opportunities, supporting changes in U.S. government export control
and other policies which limit opportunities for U.S. industry
to participate in Russian defense conversion activities, and identifying
prospective business contacts for U.S. industry. Subcommittee
membership includes the Departments of Commerce, Defense, Energy,
Labor, and State, the Agency for International Development, the
Export-Import Bank, and the Overseas Private Investment Corporation.
DCS is a subcommittee of the Intergovernmental U.S.-Russia Business
Development Committee which was established in June 1992.
- Defense Memoranda of Understanding - Defense MOUs are defense
cooperation agreements. The MOUs are signed by DOD with allied
nations and are related to research, development, or production
of defense equipment or reciprocal procurement of defense items.
See: Coproduction.
- Defense Priorities and Allocation System - The goals of the
DPAS are to: (a) assure the timely availability of industrial
resources to meet current national defense requirements and (b)
provide a framework for rapid industrial expansion in case of
a national emergency. The authority for DPAS, which is administered
by the Commerce Department's Bureau of Export Administration,
extends from Title I of the Defense Production Act of 1950, as
amended (DPA). While the DPAS is designed to be largely self-executing,
Special Priorities Assistance (SPA) may be provided, including:
(a) timely delivery of items needed to fill priority rated defense
contracts, (b) granting priority rating authority, and (c) resolving
production and delivery conflicts between rated defense contracts.
See: Defense Production Act.
- Defense Production Act - Under authority of the Defense Production
Act (DPA) of 1950 and related executive Order 12656, the Commerce
Department is charged with identifying critical defense-related
industries, assessing their capability to meet peacetime and national
security needs, identifying current and potential production constraints,
and proposing remedial actions as appropriate. Title I of the
DPA requires that: (a) contracts or orders relating to certain
approved defense and energy programs be accepted and performed
on a preferential basis over all other contracts and orders and
(b) materials, facilities, and services be allocated in such a
manner as to promote approved programs. See: Defense Priorities
and Allocation System.
- Defense Technology Security Administration - DTSA is the DOD
organization that reviews applications for the export of items
that are subject to the dual-use license controls of the Commerce
Department and the munitions controls of the Department of State.
DTSA has about 130-to-140 staff, is located in the Office of the
Secretary, and administers DOD technology security policy so that
the U.S. is not technologically surprised on the battlefield.
DTSA reviews applications involving dual-use items for reasons
of national security, proliferation cases and munitions controls.
See: Foreign Disclosure and Technical Information System.
- Defense Trade Advisory Group - In March 1992, the Department
of State established the Defense Trade Advisory Group to provide
consultation and coordination with U.S. defense exporters. DTAG
members are drawn from the U.S. defense industry, associations,
academia, and foundations, and include technical and military
experts, and the State Department and observers from other government
agencies. Members of the Committee are appointed by the Assistant
Secretary of State for Politico-Military Affairs. DTAG has three
main working groups: - Policy Working Group (PWG): which provides
advice on broad issues of defense trade, technology transfer and
commercial arms sales in an effort to aid State in regulating
commercial munitions exports. - Regulatory Working Group (RWG):
which provides advice on possible changes and improvements to
regulations and procedures related to defense exports of munitions
articles, technical data and software related to defense articles.
- Technical Working Group (TWG): which provides on technical issues
related to the U.S. Munitions List.
- Defense Trade Controls - DTC (formerly: the Office of Munitions
Control, OMC) at State administers licenses for the export of
defense articles and services including arms, ammunition, and
implements of war. These items are listed in the International
Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR) and the U.S. Munitions List.
DTC is involved in the commodity jurisdiction (CJ) process. The
CJ process is used to determine whether a particular item should
be transferred to another control list (primarily, whether an
item may be subject to the ITAR or considered either dual-use
and subject to the Commodity Control List). See: International
Traffic in Arms Regulations.
- Defense Trade Regulations - The Defense Trade Regulations (formerly
known as the International Traffic in Arms Regulations, ITAR)
are administered by the State Department to control the export
of weapons and munitions.
- Defense Trade Working Group - The Defense Trade Working Group
(DTWG), consisting of officials from Commerce, Defense, State
and USTR, was established in FY 1990 to coordinate agency policies
and resources in areas concerned with defense expenditures. The
group works with industry to identify ways to target industry
needs and increase the success of industry export efforts by minimizing
government impediments, streamlining procedures, and improve the
availability of market information. The DTWG includes three subgroups:
- The Defense Exports Working Group, chaired by Commerce, which
helps implement Administration defense export policy and enhances
U.S. government support for U.S. defense exporters; - The European
Defense Cooperation Group, chaired by State, which coordinates
interagency input to U.S.-NATO International Staff for the NATO
Council on National Armaments Directors (CNAD) study on defense
trade; and - The Technology Transfer and Third Party Reexport
Group, chaired by Defense, which works with industry to define
a more proactive technology transfer regime that could be implemented
within the limits of U.S. national security and industrial competitiveness
interests.
- Definitional Missions - See: Trade and Development Agency.
- DEG - Deutsche Finanzierungsgesellschaft fur Beteilgungen in,
Entwicklungslndern GmbH
- DEIP - Dairy Export Incentive Program
- Delivered at Frontier - "Delivered at Frontier" means
that the seller's obligations are fulfilled when the goods have
arrived at the frontier -- but before "the customs border"
of the country named in the sales contract. The term is primarily
intended to apply to goods by rail or road but is also used irrespective
of the mode of transport.
- Delivered/Duty Paid - While the term "Ex Works" signifies
the seller's minimum obligation, the term "Delivered Duty
Paid", when followed by words naming the buyer's premises,
denotes the other extreme -- the seller's maximum obligation.
The term "Delivered Duty Paid" may be used irrespective
of the mode of transport. If the parties wish that the seller
should clear the goods for import but that some of the cost payable
upon the import of the goods should be excluded -- such as value
added tax (VAT) and/or other similar taxes -- this should be made
clear by adding words to this effect (e.g., "exclusive of
VAT and/or taxes").
- Delivery Instructions - Provides specific information to the
inland carrier concerning the arrangement made by the forwarder
to deliver the merchandise to the particular pier or steamship
line. Not to be confused with Delivery Order which is used for
import cargo.
- Delivery Verification Certificate - The U.S. Customs Service
defines a DVC as a form used to track imported merchandise from
the custody of the importer to the custody of a manufacturer and
is used to substantiate a manufacturing drawback claim. The DVC
is also known as a Certificate of Delivery (Customs Form 331).
An export license may be issued with a requirement for delivery
verification by Customs in the receiving country. When delivery
verification is required by a foreign government for goods imported
into the U.S., the U.S. Customs Service will certify a delivery
verification certificate (Form ITA-647). A U.S. export license
may require submission of a similar form from an importing country.
- dely. and re-dely. - Delivery and re-delivery
- Demarche - Official discussion with another government carried
out on instructions.
- Demurrage - Excess time taken for loading or unloading a vessel,
thus causing delay of scheduled departure. Demurrage refers only
to situations in which the charter or shipper, rather than the
vessel's operator, is at fault.
- Demurrage - Excess time taken for loading or unloading of a
vessel not caused by the vessel operator, but due to the acts
of a charterer or shipper. Also refers to imported cargo not picked
up within prescribed time.
- Department of Trade and Industry - See: British Overseas Trade
Board.
- Deposit of Estimated Duties - This refers to antidumping duties
which must be deposited upon entry of merchandise which is the
subject of an antidumping duty order for each manufacturer, producer
or exporter equal to the amount by which the foreign market value
exceeds the United States price of the merchandise. See: Tariff
Act of 1930.
- Derivatives - Derivatives are leveraged instruments that are
linked to either specific financial instruments or indicators
(such as foreign currencies, government bonds, share price indices,
or interest rates) or to particular commodities (such as gold,
sugar, or coffee) that may be purchased or sold at a future date.
Derivatives may also be linked to a future exchange, according
to contractual arrangement, of one asset for another. The instrument,
which is a contract, may be tradable and have a market value.
Among derivative instruments are options (on currencies, interest
rates, commodities, or indices), traded financial futures, warranties,
and arrangements such as currency and interest rate swaps.
- derrick - Lifting equipment on board a ship generally used
for loading and discharging cargo.
- despatch - An agreed upon amount of money that is paid by the
shipowner to the shipper or receiver, when loading or discharging
is performed faster than the allotted time.
- Destination Control Statement - Exporters are required to place
destination control statements on commercial invoices and bills
of lading for most export sales. These statements alert foreign
recipients of goods and documents that diversion contrary to U.S.
law is prohibited. Destination control statements are discussed
in the Code of Federal Regulations (15 CFR 786.5 and 786.6).
- Det. - Detained
- Deutsche Finanzierungsgesellschaft fur Beteilgungen in Entwicklungslandern
GmbH - DEG (English: German Financing Company for Investments
in Developing Countries) promotes direct private-sector investment
in developing countries and provides advisory services in planning
and implementing jointly financed and managed companies. DEG operations
emphasize matching small and medium sized German companies with
similar third world counterparts. See: Deutsche Gesellschaft fur
Technische Zusammenarbeit Kreditanstalt fur Wiederaufbau.
- Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Technische Zusammenarbeit - The GTZ
(English: German Agency for Technical Cooperation) plans, executes,
and monitors technical cooperation projects and programs in conjunction
with partner organizations in developing countries. The agency
provides advisory services to German and other national organizations,
selects and trains experts, and releases project funds. See: Deutsche
Finanzierungsgesellschaft fur Beteilgungen in Entwicklungslandern
GmbH Kreditanstalt fur Wiederaufbau.
- Development Assistance - DA refers to specific economic assistance
provided by the Agency for International Development. DA includes
"functional" accounts that emphasize long-term development
objectives for Agriculture, Rural Development and Nutrition; Population
Planning; Health; Child Survival Fund; AIDS Prevention and Control;
Education and Human Resources Development; Private Sector; Energy
and Environment, and Science and Technology Corporation, as well
as the Development Fund for Africa, and other assistance -- the
Special Assistance Initiatives and Humanitarian and Technical
Assistance for the former Soviet republics. See: Economic Support
Fund.
- Development Assistance Committee - The DAC, which consists
of most members of the Organization of Economic Cooperation and
Development (OECD), coordinates member country aid policies and
programs to Lesser Developed Countries.
- Development Bank of the Great Lakes States - The DBGLS (French:
Banque du Developpement des Etats du Grand Lac, BDEGL) provides
technical and financial assistance to promote socio-economic development
among its members: Burundi, Rwanda, and Zaire. The Bank was established
in 1977; headquarters are in Goma, Zaire. See: Economic Community
of the Great Lakes Countries.
- Development Fund for Africa - The DFA channels all U.S. development
assistance to Sub-Saharan Africa. The Fund has put emphasis on
certain sectors, including agricultural production in connection
with the preservation of natural resources, health, voluntary
family planning, education, and income generation. The Fund is
administered by the U.S. Agency for International Development;
it was enacted by Congress in 1987. See: African Development Foundation
African Development Fund.
- DF - Designated Federal Officer
- DFA - Development Fund for Africa
- Dft. - Draft
- Direct Exporting - Sale by an exporter directly to a buyer
located in a foreign country.
- Direct Investment - Direct investment is defined in the International
Monetary Fund's Balance of Payments Manual as "investment
that is made to acquire a lasting interest in an enterprise operating
in an economy other than that of the investor, the investor's
purpose being to have an effective voice in the management of
the enterprise." In the United States, direct investment
is defined for statistical purposes as the ownership or control,
directly or indirectly, by one person of 10 percent of more of
the voting securities of an incorporated business enterprise or
an equivalent interest in an unincorporated business enterprise.
Direct investment transactions are not limited to transactions
in voting securities. The percentage ownership of voting securities
is used to determine if direct investment exists, but once it
is determined that it does, all parent-affiliate transactions,
including those not involving voting securities, are recorded
under direct investment. See: Foreign Direct Investment in the
United States Foreign Person U.S. Affiliate.
- Direction des Relations Economiques Exterieures - DREE, located
in the French Ministry of Economic Affairs, Finance and Budget,
is the main policymaking agency for export promotion and credit
activities. DREE oversees the activities of other agencies that
provide domestic and overseas export assistance, including the
French Center for Foreign Commerce (Centre Francais du Commerce
Exterieur, CFCE) and the French equivalent of the U.S. & Foreign
Commercial Service (the Poste d'Expansion Economique). DREE also
coordinates France's interagency position on trade issues, negotiates
bilateral trade agreements, and participates in the multilateral
trade talks in the European Community and the General Agreement
on Tariffs and Trade. Within France, CFCE is the primary point
of contact for export promotion services, while overseas, the
Poste d'Expansion Economique provides promotional services to
French firms. Through a network of regional offices in France,
CFCE counsels exporters and organizes overseas trade events. CFCE
also gathers and distributes trade information.
- Dirty Float - Dirty float refers to a system in which the float
of exchange rates is partially determined by government intervention
or restrictions to limit appreciation or depreciation; sometimes
known as managed float. See: Clean Float.
- Dis. - Discount
- Disbts. - Disbursements
- DISC - Domestic International Sales Corporation
- discharge - Remove goods from a ship.
- Disclosure Meeting - An informal meeting at which ITA discloses
to parties to the proceeding the methodology used in determining
the results of an antidumping investigation or administrative
review. A disclosure meeting is generally held promptly after
the preliminary or final determinations of an investigation or
promptly after the preliminary or final results of a review. See:
Tariff Act of 1930.
- DISH - Data interchange in Shipping
- Dismissal of Petition - A determination made by the Commerce
Department's International Trade Administration that the petition
does not properly allege the basis on which antidumping duties
may be imposed, does not contain information deemed reasonably
available to the petitioner supporting the allegations, or is
not filed by an appropriate interested party. This dismissal causes
termination of the proceeding. See: Tariff Act of 1930.
- Dispatch - An amount paid by a vessel's operator to a charter
if loading or unloading is completed in less time than stipulated
in the charter agreement.
- Dispatch - An amount paid to a charterer by the vessel operator
if loading or unloading is accomplished in less time than provided
for in the charter party.
- Displ. - Displacement
- Dispute Settlement - This refers to the resolution of opposing
aims often facilitated through the efforts of an intermediary.
In the GATT context, dispute settlement provides opportunities
for individual contracting parties to resolve trade problems through
negotiated means or with the help Applicants and consignees must
establish Internal Control Programs to ensure the proper distribution
of items under the DL. Each program must include comprehensive
procedures for ensuring that the items exported will be used only
for legitmate end-uses.
- Distributor - A foreign agent who sells directly for a manufacturer
and maintains an inventory on hand.
- Distributor - A foreign agent who sells directly for a supplier
and maintains an inventory of the supplier's products.
- District Export Councils - DECs serve as a voluntary auxiliary
of US&FCS district offices to support export expansion activities.
There are 51 DECs with 1500 members which help with workshops
and also provide counseling to less experienced exporters.
- Diversionary Dumping - This occurs when foreign producers sell
to a third country market at less than fair value and the product
is then further processed and shipped to another country.
- Diversionary Dumping - This occurs when foreign producers sell
to a third country market at less than fair value and the product
is then further processed and shipped to another country.
- DK. - Deck
- DL - Distribution License
- dm - Decimeter
- DMP - District Marketing Plan
- DMs - Definitional Missions
- Dock Receipt - A dock receipt is used to transfer accountability
when the export item is moved by the domestic carrier to the port
of embarkation and left with the international carrier for export.
- Dock Receipt - A receipt given for a shipment received or delivered
at a shipment pier. When delivery of a foreign shipment is completed,
the dock receipt is surrendered to the vessel operator or his
agent and serves as basis for preparation of the Ocean Bill of
Lading.
- Document Collections -- Documents Against Payment - Stipulate
that the exporter ships goods to the importer without a letter
of credit or another form of guaranteed payment. The importer
must sign a sight draft before receiving the necessary documents
to pick up the goods. Documents Against Acceptance (D/A) are instructions
given by a shipper to a bank stating that the documents transferring
title to goods should be delivered to the buyer only upon the
signing of a time draft. In this manner an exporter extends credit
to the importer and agrees to accept payment at a readily determined
future date. See: Draft Bill of Exchange.
- Documents Against Acceptance - Instructions given by a shipper
to a bank indicating that documents transferring title to goods
should be delivered to the buyer (or drawee) only upon the buyer's
acceptance (signature on) of the attached draft.
- Documents Against Payment (D/P) - A type of payment for goods
in which the documents transferring title to the goods are not
given to the buyer until he has paid the value of a draft issued
against him.
- Domestic Exports - Exports of domestic merchandise include
commodities which are grown, produced, or manufactured in the
United States, and commodities of foreign origin which have been
substantially changed in the United States, including U.S. Foreign
Trade Zones, from the form in which they were imported, or which
have been enhanced in value by further manufacture in the United
States.
- Domestic International Sales Corporation - The predecessor
of the Foreign Sales Corporation which took on a new definition
as a result of the 1984 Tax Reform Act. DISCs can now provide
a tax deferral on up to $10 million of exports so long as the
funds remain in export-related investments.
- Domicile - The place where a draft or acceptance is made payable.
- Downstream Dumping - This occurs when foreign producers sell
at below cost to a producer in its domestic market, and the product
is then further processed and shipped to another country.
- Downstream Dumping - This occurs when foreign producers sell
at below cost to a producer in its domestic market and the product
is then further processed and shipped to another country.
- DPA - Defense Production Act
- DPAS - Defense Priorities and Allocation System
- Dr. - Debit. Debtor. Drawer
- draft - Alternative spelling of draught.
- Draft Bill of Exchange - A written, unconditional order for
payment from one person (the drawer) to another (the drawee).
It directs the drawee to pay a specified sum of money, in a given
currency, at a specific date to the drawer. A Sight Draft calls
for immediate payment (on sight) while a Time Draft calls for
payments at a readily determined future date.
- draught - Designates the depth of water available at a port
or place.
- Drawback - A partial refund of duties paid on importation of
goods which are further processed and then re-exported, or exported
in same condition as imported.
- Drawback - Drawback is a rebate by a government, in whole or
in part, of customs duties assessed on imported merchandise that
is subsequently exported. Drawback regulations and procedures
vary among countries.
- Drawback System - The Drawback System, a part of Customs' Automated
Commercial System, provides the means for processing and tracking
of drawback claims.
- Drawee - The individual or firm on whom a draft is drawn and
who owes the indicated amount.
- Drawer - The individual or firm that issues or signs a draft
and thus stands to receive payment of the indicated amount from
the drawee.
- dreading - Option general cargo
- DREE - Direction des Relations Economiques Exterieures
- dry cargo - Any commodity which is not liquid.
- DTAG - Defense Trade Advisory Group
- DTI - Department of Trade and Industry
- DTR - Defense Trade Regulations
- DTSA - Defense Technology Security Administration
- DTWG - Defense Trade Working Group
- Dual Pricing - The selling of identical products in different
markets for different prices. This often reflects dumping practices.
- Dumping - Dumping is generally seen as an unfair trading practice.
It occurs when a good is sold for less than its "fair value",
generally meaning it is exported for less than it is sold in the
domestic market or third country markets, or it is sold for less
than production cost. Article VI of the GATT permits the imposition
of special anti-dumping duties against dumped goods, equal to
the difference between their export price and their ''fair value''
in the export market, if dumping causes injury in the importing
country.
- Dumping - The sale of a commodity in a foreign market at less
than fair value. Dumping is generally recognized as unfair because
the practice can disrupt markets and injure producers of competitive
products in an importing country. Article VI of the GATT permits
imposition of antidumping duties equal to the difference between
the price sought in the importing country and the normal value
of the product in the exporting country. With price-to-price dumping,
the foreign producer can use its sales in the high-priced market
(usually the home market) to subsidize its sales in the low-priced
export market. The price difference is often due to protection
in the high-priced market. Price-cost dumping indicates that the
foreign supplier has a special advantage. Sustained sales below
cost are normally possible only if the sales are somehow subsidized.
- Dumping Margin - The amount by which the imported merchandise
is sold in the United States below the home market or third country
price or the constructed value (that is, at less than its "fair
value"). For example, if the U.S. "purchase price"
is $200 and the fair value is $220, the dumping margin is $20.
This margin is expressed as a percentage of the United States
price. In this example, the margin is 10 percent. See: Tariff
Act of 1930.
- Duty - A tax imposed on imports by the customs authority of
a country. Duties are generally based on the value of the goods
(ad valorem duties), some other factors such as weight or quantity
(specific duties), or a combination of value and other factors
(compound duties).
- Duty - A tax levied by a government on the import, export or
use and consumption of goods.
- DVC - Delivery Verification Certificate
- dwt - Deadweight tonnage
- Dy - Delivery
- Dynamic Asian Economies - The DAEs is a collective reference,
currently comprising six Asian countries: Hong Kong, Korea, Malaysia,
Singapore, Taiwan, and Thailand.
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